UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


SCHOOL  OF  LAW 
LIBRARY 


. 

LAW  LIBRARY 
IVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

LQSANGELES    


CONFIDENTIAL 


REPORT 

ON 


LABOR  SITUATION 


IN 


CANADA 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1919 


U«S.       UW    LUr 

m 


CONFIDENTIAL 


REPORT 

ON 


LABOR  SITUATION 


IN 


CANADA 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1919 


T 


Rc 

£ 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


(a)  Ir 
(6)  F! 


Page. 

I.  Political  activities  of  trades-unionists 5 

Similarity  to  British  movement 5 

Post-war  programs 5 

Growth  of  trades-unionism 5 

Platform  of  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  prior  to  1917 ft 

Its  attitude  toward  the  formation  of  a  labor  party  prior  to  1917 6- 

Independent  Labor  Party  formed  in  Ontario. : 6 

Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada  approves  of  formation  of  Domin- 
ion-wide Labor  Party 7 

Programs  of  provincial  conventions 7 

British  Columbia 7 

Manitoba 7 

Ontario 7 

Quebec & 

General  progress  xip  to  September,  1918 8 

1917  elections 8 

Progress  and  temper  of  the  movement & 

1918  elections 8- 

Educational  activities  of  the  new  party .10 

II.  Industrial  disturbances 1O 

Increase  during  the  years  1917  and  1918 10 

Factors  making  for  peace,  and  the  reverse 11 

III.  The  Government's  change  of  attitude  toward  organized  labor 11 

IV.  Labors'  attitude  toward  the  Governments'  war  and  peace  policies 12 

Attitude  toward  the  war 12 

Attitude  toward  conscription  and  other  governmental  policies.  .....  13 

Enlistment  among  trades-unionists 13 

Appendix  I.  History  of  labor  movement  and  structure  of  organizations 14 

Growth  of  trade-union  membership 14 

General  groupings 14 

Groupings  by  trades 14 

Unions  with  international  affiliations , 15 

Unions  with  non-international  affiliations 15 

Independents 15 

Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada 15 

Federations  of  local  unions 16 

District  councils 16 

Railroad  brotherhood  committees 16 

Trades  and  labor  councils Ifi 

Trade-union  Ideal  units 17 

Federations 17 

Canadian  Federation  of  Labor 17 

Internationalism  in  Canada,  growth  of 17 

Nova  Scotia  Mine  Workers'  Union,  Amalgamation 17 

Industrial  Workers  of  the  World 18 

Social  Democratic  Party 18 

Appendix  II.  Selected  list  of  labor  leaders  in  Canada 19 

Appendix  III.  Settlement  of  disputes 21 

Industrial  Disputes  Act  of  1907 21 

Origin 21 

Nature  of  act 21 

Jurisdiction 21 

Provisions  for  investigation  of  causes  of  disputes 21 

Penalties  for  violation 21 

Effect  of  law  in  operation 22 

Penal  provisions  have  not  been  enforced 22 

3 


749052 


4  CONTENTS. 

Appendix  III.  Settlement  of  disputes — Continued. 
Industrial  Disputes  Act  of  1907 — Continued. 

Amendments 22 

Attitude  of  labor  toward  the  act : 22 

Trades  and  Labor  Congress  seeks  its  repeal 

Board  of  appeal 22 

Royal  commissions • 23 

Commission  to  adjust  disputes  in  shipyards 

Rejection  of  award  and  subsequent  adjustment  and  agreement 

Other  commissions 23 

Railway  Adjustment  Board 23 

Constitution  of  board 

Number  of  workers  affected 

Operation 23 

No-strike  Urder  in  Council  of  July,  1918 

Approved  by  representatives  of  labor  and  industry 

Provisions  of  order. . .'. 24 

No-strike  Order  in  Council  of  October  11 

Hostility  aroused 25 

Defiance  of  its  terms • 25 

Repeal 

Appendix  IV.  Conscription  and  other  compulsory  and  restrictive  measures... 

Conscription •. 

Unlawful  associations  and  literatures 

Organizations 

Censorship ' 

Anti-loafing  law 

Appendix.  V.  Government  and  organized  labor 28 

Appendix  VI.  Platforms,  declarations  of  principles  of  labor  and  allied  parties 

and  organizations 

Platform  of  principles  of  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada,  1918. . . 

Platform  of  Independent  Labor  Party  of  Ontario 

Platform  of  Quebec  branch  of  Canadian  Labor  Party 

Platform  of  British  Columbia  branch 

Platform  of  Manitoba  branch 

Platform  of  Saskatchewan  branch 

Program  of  Non-Partisan  League  of  Alberta 

Joint  recommendations  on  reconstruction 

Bureau  of  public  welfare j 

Survey  of  imports 

Raw  materials 

Scientific  and  industrial  research 

Immigration. . 

Public  works 

Technical  education 

Land  settlement 

Employment  bureaus 

Demobilization 

Water  power 

Optimism  campaign * 

Appendix  VII.  Bibliography 

General  sources 

Reports T 

Newspapers  and  periodicals 


REPORT  ON  LABOR  SITUATION  IN  CANADA. 


I.  POLITICAL  PROGRAM  AND  ACTIVITIES. 

The  beginning  of  the  year  1919  finds  the  labor  movement  in  Can- 
ada emerging  from  the  four  years  of  war  increased  in  strength,  more 
definite  and  progressive  in  its  policy,  and  committed  to  a  program 
of  vigorous  political  activity. 

SIMILARITY    TO    THE    BRITISH    MOVEMENT. 

Its  leading  labor  organization,  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress, 
has  definitely  set  as  its  goal  the  creation  of  a  labor  party  along 
the  lines  of  the  British  labor  movement.  In  spite  of  the  fact  that 
the  connections  of  the  congress  with  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor  have  been  close,  and  include  the  recognition  of  the  congress  by 
the  federation  as  the  legislative  mouthpiece  of  organized  labor  in  the 
Dominion,  the  Canadian  organization  shows  an  increasingly  marked 
tendency  to  break  away  from  the  traditions  of  the  American  federa- 
tion in  a  degree  corresponding  to  its  growing  allegiance  to  the  British 
labor  program. 

POST-WAR  PROGRAMS. 

The  signing  of  the  armistice  and  the  imminence  of  peace  have 
brought  about  the  definition  of  labor  proposals  to  meet  peace  needs. 
Workers  both  in  the  eastern  and  in  the  western  provinces  demand  the 
extensive  control  of  wages  and  working  conditions  by  the  Govern- 
ment, Canadian  control  of  the  immigration  policy,  the  establishment 
of  employment  exchanges  and  adequate  representation  of  labor  on 
boards  and  commissions.  The  western  group  manifests  its  more 
radical  tendencies  by  opposition  to  the  eastern  representative  who 
accompanied  the  Canadian  delegation  to  the  peace  conference  by  con- 
tinued interest  in  and  reference  to  international  affairs,  particularly 
the  Bolshevist  movement  and  the  activities  of  the  minority  Socialists 
in  Germany  and  by  criticism  of  the  program  and  activities  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor.  It  is  to  be  noted,  however,  that  like 
the  eastern  group  it  reprehends  any  resort  to  extraconstitutional 
means  for  the  achievement  of  its  objects,  and  is  opposed  to  the 
I.  W.  W.  principle  of  direct  action. 

GROWTH  OF  TRADES-UNIONISM. 

If  the  years  1913, 1914,  and  1915  be  excepted,  the  history  of  trades- 
unionism  in  the  Dominion  is  marked  by  a  steady  growth.  At  the  end 
of  1917  it  numbered  204,630  within  its  ranks.1  These  were  divided 
among  a  number  of  organizations,  local,  provincial,  national,  and  in- 

1  For  the  statistical  record  see  p.  14,  infra. 


6  LABOR  SITUATION   IN   CANADA. 

ternational.1  The  dominant  organization  in  the  Dominion  was,  and 
for  many  years  has  been,  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada.2 
At  the  end  of  1917  it  numbered  81,687,  and  by  September,  1918,  its 
membership  had  grown  to  117,498.3  The  voting  population  of  the 
Dominion  at  that  time  approximated  2,000,000. 

PRINCIPLES   OF   TRADES   AND  LABOR    CONGRESS   OF    CANADA. 

For  many  years  prior  to  1917  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of 
Canada,  which  is  the  dominant  labor  organization  of  the  Dominion, 
had  promulgated  annually  a  political  program  which  included  a 
demand  for  a  legal  working  day  of  six  hours,  and  six  days  to  a  week,4 
for  government  inspection  of  all  industries,  for  a  minimum  living 
wage  based  on  local  conditions,  for  public  ownership  of  all  public 
utilities,  such  as  railways,  telegraphs,  telephones,  waterworks,  mining, 
etc.,  and  for  tax  reform  by  lessening  taxation  on  industries  and  in- 
creasing it  on  land  values. 

ITS  ATTITUDE  TOWARD  A  LABOR  PARTY  PRIOR  TO   1917. 

Prior  to  1917,  however,  it  had  confined  its  activities  in  furtherance 
of  this  program,  to  the  attempt  to  influence  legislation  by  conference 
with  and  recommendations  to  the  leaders  of  the  legislative  bodies 
and,  while  it  had  interposed  no  bar  to  local  organization  in  the 
Provinces  and  in  municipalities  for  the  purpose  of  electing  labor 
representatives  to  office,  it  had  declined  to  lend  its  sanction  to  the 
creation  of  a  Dominion-wide  labor  party. 

The  year  1917  witnessed  its  departure  from  that  policy  and  the 
adoption  of  resolutions  in  favor  of  the  formation  of  a  Dominion- 
wide  labor  party  based  upon  a  program  conceived  in  the  spirit  of 
the  British  Labor  movement  and  looking  to  the  association  of  all 
workers  in  an  effort  to  secure,  through  united  political  action,  a 
greater  participation  in  the  conduct  and  the  fruits  of  industry. 

CREATION  OF  INDEPENDENT  LABOR  PARTY  OF  ONTARIO. 

The  preliminary  step  leading  to  this  reversal  of  policy  had  been 
taken  in  Ontario  in  July,  1917,  when  a  convention  called  at  the  in- 
stance of  labor  leaders  of  the  Province  resulted  in  the  organization 
of  the  Independent  Labor  Party  in  that  Province.  This  party,  which 
sought  to  unite  all  workers  of  whatever  shade  of  political  opinion 
and  of  whatever  labor  affiliations,  adopted  by-laws  providing  among 
other  things  that  no  member  of  the  party  might  retain  membership 
in  any  other  political  organization  and  that  no  candidate  of  any 
of  the  old  capitalistic  parties  should  ~be  indorsed  by  it.  It  adopted 
a  platform  which  included  declarations  in  favor  of  free  textbooks 
in  the  schools,  the  public  ownership  of  all  sources  of  wealth,  the 
nationalization  of  banking  and  credit  systems,  direct  legislative 
action  through  the  initiative,  referendum,  and  recall,  old-age  pensions 

1  For  a  description  of  the  organization  see  pp.  14—15,  infra. 

2  For  statistical  record  see  p.  16,  Infra. 

8  Report  of  1918  Convention  of  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada. 
*  Prior  to  1916  the  demand  was  for  an  8-hour  day  and  6  days  a  week.     The   1917 
program  In  detail  will  be  found  at  p.  29,  Infra. 


LABOB  SITUATION  IN   CANADA.  7 

and  pensions  for  mothers  with  dependent  children,  and  the  elimi- 
nation of  the  judicial  power  to  declare  legislation  of  the  Dominion 
Parliament  unconstitutional.  It  announced  as  the  general  basis  of 
its  appeal  for  the  support  of  the  workers : 

That  we  stand  for  the  industrial  freedom  of  those  who  toil  and  the  political 
liberation  of  those  who  for  so  long  have  been  denied  justice.1 

TRADES  AND  LABOR  CONGRESS  REVERSES  ITS  POLICY  AND  APPROVES  OF  THE 
FORMATION   OF  A   LABOR  PARTY"   IN    1917. 

The  formation  of  this  party  and  its  resolutions  with  respect  to  the 
indorsement  of  candidates  was  formally  approved  by  the  Conven- 
tion of  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada  held  in  September, 
1917,  and  that  convention  adopted  resolutions  urging  that  the  party 
organized  in  Ontario  be  expanded  to  cover  the  Dominion,  and  that — 

"  The  workers  of  Canada  should  follow  British  precedent  and  organize  a 
labor  party  upon  such  a  basis  that  trade  unionists,  socialists,  fabians,  coopera- 
tors,  and  farmers  can  unite  to  promote  legislation  in  the  best  interests  of  the 
wealth  producers  of  the  nation."  2 

This  recommendation  was  received  with  approval  by  the  labor 
organizations  and  other  bodies  representative  of  the  workers 
throughout  the  Dominion  and  during  the  closing  months  of  the  year 
1917  and  throughout  the  year  1918  such  organizations  were  per- 
fected in  most  of  the  Provinces. 

PROGRAMS  ADOPTED  AT  PROVINCIAL  CONVENTIONS. 

The  programs  adopted  by  the  various  Provincial  organizations 
vary  somewhat  markedly  in  scope  and  temper  but  throughout  ap- 
pears the  determination  to  secure  control  of  the  legislative  machinery 
with  a  view  to  the  furtherance  of  a  program  of  social  reconstruc- 
tion in  the  interest  primarily  of  the  working  classes. 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA MANITOBA. 

Thus  in  British  Columbia  where,  if  the  utterances  of  the  official 
organ  of  the  Vancouver  branch,  the  British  Columbia  Federationist, 
can  be  regarded  as  representative,  the  aims  of  those  in  control  of 
the  movement  are  frankly  socialistic,  a  platform  was  adopted  which 
announced  the  party  program  succinctly  as  follows : 3 

"  The  Federated  Labor  Party  is  organized  for  the  purpose  of  securing  indus- 
trial legislation  and  the  collective  oivnership  and  democratic  control  of  the 
means  of  wealth  production." 

And  in  Manitoba 4  a  platform  was  adopted  which  included  as 
its  first  plank  the  statement : 

"  The  abor  Party  stands  for  the  transformation  of  capitalist  property  into 
working  class  property  to  be  socially  owned  and  used." 

ONTARIO. 

In  Ontario  the  convention  rejected  a  statement  of  objects  phrased 
in  similar  socialistic  terms  and  adopted  instead  the  statement  that  its 
object  was — 

"  To  secure  for  the  producers  by  hand  or  brain  the  full  fruits  of  their  industry 
and  the  most  equitable  distribution  thereof  and  generally  to  promote  the  po- 

1  Seventh  Ann.  Report  of  Labor  Organization  in  Canada,  pp.  40,  41. 

2  Report  of  the  Trades  and  Labor  Convention,  1917,  p.  43. 
8  British  Columbia  Federationist,  Dec.   13,   1918. 

4  British  Columbia  Federationist,  Feb.  15,  1918. 


8  LABOR  SITUATION  IN   CANADA. 

litlcal,  social,  and  economic  emancipation  of  the  people  and  more  particularly 
of  those  who  depend  directly  upon  their  own  exertion  by  hand  or  brain  for 
the  means  of  life." 

QUEBEC. 

While  in  Quebec  the  platform  seems  to  have  been  confined  to  the 
advocacy  of  such  reforms  as  State  insurance  against  sickness, 
old  age,  and  accident,  a  State  bank  to  take  the  place  of  the  present 
banking  sygtem,  abolition  of  the  Senate,  etc.1 

GENERAL   SURVEY   OF   PROGRESS   OF  THE   MOVEMENT. 

The  general  progress  of  the  movement  is  described  in  the  report  of 
the  executive  council  of  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada 
to  the  1918  convention  of  that  organization  in  the  following  terms : 2 

"  Reports  reaching  your  executive  council  indicate  considerable  activity  among 
the  workers  of  Canada  in  the  organizing  of  provincial  labor  parties  on  lines 
similar  to  the  British  Labor  Party,  the  object  being  to  ultimately  organize  a 
national  Canadian  Labor  Party.  Already  the  Provinces  of  British  Columbia, 
Alberta,  Manitoba,  Ontario,  Quebec,  and  Nova  Scotia,8  have  carried  out  the 
recommendation  of  the  Ottawa  convention  and  held  conventions  to  organize 
provincial  sections  of  the  Canadian  Labor  Party,  and  while  the  plan  of  organi- 
zation differs  slightly  in  the  different  Provinces  there  has  been  an  evident 
desire  to  organize  upon  such  a  basis  that  will  afford  adequate  opportunity 
for  men  of  different  views  on  working  class  political  action  to  come  together 
to  present  a  united  front  in  the  interests  of  the  workers  of  the  Dominion.  Your 
executive  council  would,  therefore,  recommend  that  this  work  of  organizing 
the  Provinces  be  continued  until  every  Province  is  thoroughly  organized, 
and  that  a  convention  to  organize  a  National  Canadian  Labor  Party  be  called 
by  the  joint  executive  committee  of  the  provincial  parties  at  as  early  a  date 
as  practical." 

1917   ELECTION. 

Prior  to  the  organization  of  this  party  the  workers  as  a  class  had 
neither  secured  nor  combined  in  seeking  official  representation  in  the 
Dominion  Parliament,  though  there  had  been  some  activity  and 
some  success  in  the  endeavor  to  elect  representatives  to  Provincial 
and  Municipal  legislatures,  and  the  Socialist  parties  had  also  suc- 
ceeded on  several  occasions  in  electing  their  representatives  to  the 
Provincial  legislatures.4 

At  the  elections  held  in  December,  1917,  thirty-six  candidates  for 
the  Dominion  Parliament  were  indorsed  by  the  Independent  Labor 
Party  which  had  just  come  into  being.  Of  these  only  two  were 
elected  and  apparently  a  great  number  of  the  remainder  were  de- 
feated by  overwhelming  majorities.  It  is  to  be  noted,  however, 
that  conscription  was  one  of  the  issues,  if  not  the  dominant  issue, 
of  that  campaign  and  that  organized  labor  had  been  consistent  and 
vigorous  in  its  opposition  to  this  policy. 

1918    ELECTIONS. 

During  November  and  December,  1918,  the  Industrial  Banner,  of 
Toronto,  which  is  the  official  organ  of  the  Independent  Labor  Party 
of  that  Province,  reports  marked  success  in  municipal  and  bye  elec- 

1  Seventh  Annual  Report  of  Labor  Organizations  of  Canada,  p.  41. 

2  Report  of  the  Thirty-fourth  Annual  Convention  of  Trades  and  Labor  Congress,  p.  36. 

3  Saskatchewan  should  be  added  to  this  list ;  i.  b.,  p.  54. 

4  See  infra,  p.  18. 


LABOR  SITUATION  IN   CANADA.  y 

tions  on  the  part  of  the  labor  and  allied  parties  in  various  sections 
of  the  country.1  In  connection  with  these  successes,  however,  it  is  to 
be  noted  that  on  October  11, 1918,  an  order  in  council  had  been  issued 
by  the  Dominion  Government  which  imposed  compulsory  arbitration 
with  prison  penalties  for  the  violation  of  its  terms  and  that  this 
action  had  provoked  a  storm  of  protest  throughout  the  labor  world 
and  adverse  comment  from  a  portion  of  the  general  press. 

RESOLUTIONS    ADOPTED   BY   TRADE   AND   LABOR    CONGRESS    CONVENTION    IN 

1918. 

Some  further  indication  of  the  growing  strength  and  of  the  temper 
of  the  movement  for  political  activity  in  furtherance  of  the  class  in- 
terest is. to  be  found  in  the  renewed  endorsement  of  the  political  ac- 
tivities by  the  1918  convention  of  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress 
and  by  its  adoption  of  resolutions,  supplementary  to  its  general  plat- 
form of  principles,  to  which  reference  has  already  been  made,  in  sup- 
port of  the  following  policies : 

Government  control  of  the  prices  of  essential  foodstuffs  and  necessities  of  life 
and  the  fixing  of  price  therefor  at  a  level  not  in  excess  of  the  then  existing 
level ;  Government  ownership  of  railways ;  the  nationalization  of  the  medical 
and  dental  professions  and  the  control  of  all  hospitals  by  the  State;  a  govern- 
mental scheme  of  old-age  pensions ;  the  abolition  of  private  employment 
agencies;  representation  of  labor  on  commissions  governing  public  utilities; 
the  selection  of  factory  inspectors  by  a  referendum  vote  of  organized  labor ;  a 
compulsory  insurance  law;  a  national  fund  to  meet  needs  of  dependents  in  cases 
of  disasters  causing  loss  of  life;  free  transportation  of  laborers  going  from 
cities  to  farms  or  from  farm  to  farm ;  expropriation  of  land  held  for  speculative 
purposes.2 

ATTITUDE  OF  WESTERN  DELEGATES. 

This  action  is  thrown  into  higher  relief  by  the  dissatisfaction  with 
the  results  of  the  convention  which  was  expressed  by  the  more  radi- 
cally minded  western  delegates.  This  expression  took  the  form  of  an 
immediate  caucus  of  those  delegates  for  the  purpose  of  calling  a 
convention  of  western  representatives  to  be  held  prior  to  the  next 
annual  convention  of  the  Congress  with  the  view  of  so  organizing  as 
to  afford  a  more  effective  means  of  enforcing  the  policies  advocated 
in  the  west ;  and  such  a  convention  for  that  purpose  to  be  held  during 
the  month  of  March,  1919,  has  been  called  and  approved  by  the  labor 
organizations  of  the  four  western  Provinces,  Manitoba,  Saskatche- 
wan, Alberta,  and  British  Columbia. 

There  is  reason  to  believe,  however,  that  though  the  western  labor- 
ites  are  more  frankly  socialistic  than  the  dominant  influences  within 
the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada,  the  grounds  of  dissatis- 
faction to  which  this  conference  is  designed  to  give  expression  are 
based  as  much  upon  considerations  of  internal  politics  and  upon  dis- 
satisfaction with  what  was  asserted  to  be  the  arbitrary  conduct  of 
the  dominant  faction  at  the  1918  convention,  as  upon  differences  in 
essential  policy.  For  the  Industrial  Banner,  of  Toronto,  the  official 
organ  of  the  Independent  Labor  Party  of  that  Province,  describes 
the  divergence  between  the  East  and  the  West  as  based  upon  con- 

1  Industrial  Banner  Issues  of  Nov.  1,  Dec.  13, .and  Dec.  27. 

JThe  Labour  Gazette,  October,  1918,  pp.  832,  833,  and  847,  et  seq. 

100442—19 2 


10  LABOB  SITUATION  IN  CANADA. 

siderations  of  tactics  rather  than  of  principles,1  and  the  British 
Columbia  Federationist,  one  of  the  important  organs  of  the  western 
group,  though  describing  the  convention  as  a  "  farce,"  directs  its 
criticisms  chiefly  at  the  methods  of  the  convention  and  is  somewhat 
vague  as  to  the  policies  with  which  the  western  contingent  desired 
to  express  dissatisfaction. 

EDUCATIONAL  ACTIVITIES  OF  THE  NEW  PARTY. 

One  of  the  interesting  features  of  the  activities  of  the  new  labor 
party  is  the  intensity  of  its  educational  campaign.  In  Vancouver, 
for  instance,  it  holds  weekly  meetings  at  which  addresses  are  marie 
on  economic  subjects  and  political  movements,  and  similar  meetings 
have  been  inaugurated  in  Toronto. 

II.  INDUSTRIAL  DISTURBANCES. 

The  two  years,  1917  and  1918,  which  witnessed  this  initiation  and 
development  of  political  activity  by  the  workers  and  the  increase  in 
the  membership  of  the  unions  was  marked  also  by  an  increase  in  the 
number  of  industrial  disputes  and  a  restoration  of  something  ap- 
proximating the  pre-war  situation  with  respect  to  their  number  and 
intensity.  On  the  whole,  however,  the  situation  in  that  respect  is  re- 
garded as  satisfactory  by  those  competent  to  speak  with  authority. 
Thus  the  Executive  Council  of  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  in  its 
report  made  to  the  1918  convention  of  that  body  held  at  the  end  of 
September  summarizes  the  situation  as  follows : 

The  large  increase  in  membership  has  given  added  virility  to  the  movement 
and  enabled  the  different  organizations  to  make  a  more  effective  stand  for 
increased  wages  to  meet  the  increased  cost  of  living.  Through  the  industrial 
disputes  investigation  act  many  disputes  have  been  settled  in  the  interests  of 
the  organized  workers,  without  resort  to  strikes.  In  some  instances,  however, 
it  has  been  necessary  to  declare  strikes  to  enforce  the  demands  of  those  who 
were  desirous  of  improving  their  conditions,  but  taking  the  Dominion  as  a  whole 
the  number  of  industrial  disturbances  have  been  feic  compared  .tcith  the  num- 
ber of  demands  for  higher  wages,  shorter  hours,  and  improved  working  con- 
ditions* 

And  while  there  may  be  room  for  other  interpretation  of  the  situ- 
ation the  statistics  seem  to  bear  out  this  appraisal.  While  the 
number  of  disputes  in  1917  rose  to  148  and  in  1918  to  292  as  com- 
pared to  150  in  1912,  which  was  the  highest  number  recorded  since 
1907,  and  far  in  excess  of  the  years  1914,  1915,  and  1916,  which  were 
abnormally  free  from  such  disturbances;  and  while  the  number  of1 
employees  involved  during  the  years  1917  and  1918  rose  to  48,329  and 
89,899,  respectively,  as  compared  to  40,511  in  1912,  which  was  the 
highest  year  in  that  respect  within  the  period  referred  to,  the  num- 
ber of  days  lost  was  1,134,970  in  1917  and  729,444  in  1918  as  com- 
pared to  2,046,650  in  the  year  1912,  the  year  of  the  highest  record  in 
that  respect  during  the  period  referred  to,  and  the  average  days  lost 
per  employee  was  23  in  1917  and  only  8  in  1918  as  compared  to  68  ji 

1 "  The  movement  in  the  West  is  far  more  radical  than  in  the  East.  *  *  *  In  many 
respects  they  (the  Western  organizations)  are  more  aggressive  than  the  East,  and  any 
difference  that  may  exist  between  East  and  West  is  only  one  of  tactics  and  not  of  prin- 
ciples or  loyalty  to  the  labor  movement."  (Industrial  Banner  of  Toronto,  official  organ  of 
the  Independent  Labor  Party  of  that  Province,  issue  of  Sept.  27.  1918.) 

8  Report  of  Thirty-fourth  Annual  Convention  of  Trades  and  Labor  Congress,  p.  14. 


LABOB  SITUATION  IN   CANADA.  11 

1911,  27  in  1912,  and  49  in  1914  when  the  number  of  disputes  and  Hie 
number  involved  was  abnormally  low.1 

In  dealing  with  this  opinion  and  with  these  statistics  for  the  pur- 
pose of  any  forecast  as  to  the  manifestation  of  industrial  disturb- 
ances in  the  future,  however,  it  is  probable  that  some  considerable 
weight  should  be  given  to  the  influence  of  patriotic  sentiment  and  to 
the  consequent  disinclination  of  large  numbers  of  the  workers  to 
assume  responsibility  for  the  curtailment  of  the  production  necessary 
to  sustain  the  over-seas  forces,  and  that  with  the  growing  strength  of 
the  unions  the  maintenance  of  industrial  peace  will  be  dependent 
upon  the  degree  to  which  leaders  of  industry  on  the  one  hand  and 
leaders  of  labor  organizations  on  the  other  shall  display  a  spirit  of 
moderation  and  shall  endeavor  to  find  the  bases  of  mutual  under- 
standing and  accommodation. 

FACTORS  MAKING  FOR  INDUSTRIAL  PEACE  AND  THE  REVERSE. 

Some  indication  of  such  a  spirit  has  been  furnished  by  the  con- 
stitution of  a  committee  composed  of  representatives  of  the  Canadian 
Manufacturers  Association,  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of 
Canada,  and  a  joint  committee  of  technical  organizations  and  its 
agreement  on  November  29,  1918,  after  a  harmonious  session  upon 
a  joint  memorandum  of  recommendations  for  governmental  action 
to  meet  the  needs  of  the  reconstructive  period  in  Canada.2  It  is  re- 
ported also  in  the  Canadian  Official  Record  of  November  26,  1918, 
that  employers  generally  agree  that  at  present  there  must  be  no  wage 
reduction.  A  contrary  tendency,  however,  is  evidenced  by  the  con- 
ditions which  in  August,  1918,  led  the  minister  of  labor  to  issue  a 
statement  expressing  his  regret  at  the  attitude  of  antagonism  to  the 
unions  evinced  by  many  of  the  employers  and  to  their  practice  of 
forbidding  their  employees  to  become  members  of  such  organization 
under  the  penalty  of  dismissal.3 

III.  THE  GOVERNMENT'S  CHANGE  OF  ATTITUDE  TOWARD 
ORGANIZED  LABOR. 

An  important  factor  in  the  present  situation  is  the  increased  dis- 
position of  the  Government  to  consult  with  the  leaders  of  organized 
labor  and  to  accord  to  it  representation  upon  official  boards.  This 
policy  seems  to  have  been  initiated  early  in  1918  when  the  Govern- 
ment called  the  official  leaders  of  the  labor  movement  into  consulta- 
tion for  the  purpose  of  a  confidential  discussion  of  the  needs  of  the 
situation  and  thereby  secured  the  indorsement  by  those  leaders  of  an 
official  program  calling  for  a  cessation  of  strikes  and  lock-outs  and 
establishing  methods  of  conciliation  and  arbitration  to  be  resorted  to 
as  a  preliminary  to  such  action.  It  resulted,  also,  in  a  request  by  the 
labor  leaders  for  the  appointment  of  representatives  of  labor  on  all 
Government  boards  and  committees  dealing  with  subjects  in  which 
labor  was  primarily  interested,  with  the  understanding  that  these 
representatives  should  be  such  as  would  be  approved  of  by  the  offi- 

1  The  statistics  for  the  years  1907-1918  will  be  found  at  p.  25,  infra. 

2  The  memorandum  adopted  by  the  conference  is  adopted  in  full  at  p.  30. 

3  Labour  Gazette,  August,  1918,  p.  558. 


12  LABOR  SITUATION   IN   CANADA. 

cial  leaders  of  the  labor  movement  and  in  the  appointment  of  such 
representatives  upon  a  number  of  official  boards  and  committees.1 

GOVERNMENTAL  ACTION  IN  THE  LINE  OF  LABOR  RECOMMENDATIONS. 

Among  the  recent  activities  of  the  Dominion  Government  in  con- 
formity with  policy  advocated  by  the  labor  leaders,  has  been  the 
creation  of  a  governmental  employment  agency  organized  with  a 
central  agency  established  by  the  Dominion  Government  to  act  in 
cooperation  with  provincial  agencies  maintained  by  the  several  Prov- 
inces, the  appropriation  of  $:25, 000,000  to  aid  the  Provincial  Gov- 
ernments -in  financing  housing  projects  through  which  the  workers 
are  to  be  given  an  opportunity  of  acquiring  their  dwellings  through 
small  installment  payments,  and  the  creation  of  a  committee  to  deal 
with  conditions  affecting  the  workers. 

IV.  LABOR'S  ATTITUDE  TOWARD  THE  WAR  AND  THE  PEACE 

CONGRESS. 

The  pronouncements  whereby  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  ex- 
pressed adherence  to  the  cause  of  the  allies  were  accompanied 
by  vehement  disclaimers  of  responsibility  on  the  part  of  the  workers 
of  the  world  for  the  catastrophy  and  by  explicit  attribution  of  the 
responsibility  therefor  to  the  capitalistic  classes  in  control  of  the 
Governments.  They  were  accompanied  also  by  expressions  of  belief 
in  the  existence  of  an  attitude  of  resentment  toward  autocracy  on  the 
part  of  the  German  workers  and  of  a  conception  of  the  conflict  as  a 
struggle  to  free  the  German  people  from  the  yoke  of  autocracy  as 
well  as  a  defense  of  the  rest  of  the  world  against  its  imposition,  and 
they  were  marked  by  the  constant  recurrence  to  a  note  of  warning 
against  the  dangers  to  the  interest  of  the  working  class  which  were 
regarded  as  inherent  in  the  situations  created  by  the  war  and  by  a 
call  for  the  exercise  of  vigilance  to  see  to  it  that  their  rights  were 
not  permanently  infringed.  And  from  the  outset  emphatic  indorse- 
ment was  given  to  the  demands  of  the  General  Federation  of  Labor 
in  France  and  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  that  a  confer- 
ence of  workers  should  be  summoned  in  conjunction  with  the  peace 
conference.2 

This  attitude  is  summarized  in  the  report  of  the  executive  council 
to  the  convention  of  September,  1918,  in  the  following  words: 

More  than  once  have  we  set  forth  the  fact  that  war  is  a  condition  brought 
about  by  principles  and  means  that  the  Labor  movement  disowns  and  repudiates. 
That  this  mighty  conflict  has  fallen  upon  the  world  as  a  plague  is  due  to 
principles  diametrically  opposed  to  those  that  underlie  and  permeate  the  move- 
ments of  organized  Labor.  Could  Labor  have  prevented  this  calamity  it  would 
have  done  so ;  but  it  was  none  of  our  doing.  *  *  *  The  time  has  long  since 
come  for  a  clear-cut  pronouncement  of  the  exact  terms  on  which  a  solid  peace 
can  be  established.  It  is  our  opinion  that  it  is  the  working  classes  of  each 
country,  and  not  the  Government  thereof,  that  arc  best  calculated  to  attain  this 

1  Canadian    Official   Record,   Oct.    22,    1918,   p.   9 :   The   list   given   is   as    follows :    On 
the  war  trade  board,   1   representative ;   Canadian   registration   board,   1    representative ; 
superintendents  of  registration,  3  representatives ;  labor  subcommittee  on  reconstruction, 
2   representatives ;   soldiers'   vocational  training,    1    representative ;   adviser  to   the   fuel 
controller,  1  representative ;  Canadian  Railway  adjustment  board,  6  representatives. 

2  Report  of  Convention  of  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  1915,  p.  22  ;  1916,  p.  22  ;  1917, 
p.  40;  1918,  p.   31. 


LABOR  SITUATION   IN   CANADA.  13 

end.  Meanwhile  the  present  demands  of  us  the  continuation  of  our  every  effort 
to  assist  in  the  prosecution  of  the  struggle  right  on  to  a  final  and  conclusive 
victory  for  the  Allies — the  principal  one  of  which  as  far  as  our  interest  goes  is 
the  empire  of  which  our  Dominion  is  such  an  important  part. 

Again  do  we  affirm  that  we  are  in  perfect  harmony  with  the  General  Con- 
federation of  Labor  in  France  and  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  when 
these  two  bodies  declare  in  favor  of  an  International  Congress,  at  the  time 
and  place  to  be  indicated  by  the  international  diplomats  for  the  establishment 
of  peace  terms  when  the  war  shall  be  over.  While  we  are  considering  every 
available  means  of  assisting  our  Dominion  in  its  efforts  to  play  an  honorable, 
patriotic,  and  effective  part  in  this  epoch-making  struggle  between  democracy 
and  autocracy,  ice  must  not  allow  the  future  to  be  obscured  nor  the  interest 
of  the  working  classes  which  it  holds  to  be  overlooked  or  neglected. 

ATTITUDE    TOWARD    CONSCRIPTION    AND   OTHER    GOVERNMENTAL    POLICIES. 

During  the  war  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  was  insistent  in  its 
opposition  to  conscription,  which  is  characterized  as  "  veiled  serf- 
dom,"1 and  in  common  with  other  representatives  of  labor  opinion 
it  opposed  legislation  by  orders  in  council  in  general,  and  registered 
especially  vigorous  opposition  to  the  order  of  October  11,  1918,  which 
sought  to  impose  compulsory  arbitration,  and  to  certain  features  of 
such  orders  as  that  restricting  the  assemblages  of  certain  political  or- 
ganizations and  the  dissemination,  possession  or  publication  of  certain 
literature  and  to  antiloafing  legislation.2  On  the  other  hand,  it  is 
to  be  noted  that  it  concurred  with  representatives  of  industry  in 
the  Government's  promulgation  of  a  policy  in  opposition  to  strikes 
and  lockouts  and  of  the  submission  of  differences  to  arbitration  of 
officially  recognized  bodies  so  long  as  no  compulsory  features  were 
attached  and  so  long  as  no  attempt  was  made  to  sanction  the  pro- 
cedure for  the  enforcement  of  the  decisions  by  any  power  other  than* 
that  of  public  opinion  and  the  patriotic  impulse.3 

ENLISTMENTS   AMONG   TRADES-UNIONISTS. 

Further,  it  is  to  be  noted  that  if  the  statistics  of  the  executive  coun- 
cil of  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  are  accurate,  only  about  one- 
fifth  of  the  number  of  trades-unionists  who  were  reached  by  the 
compulsory  enlistment  Act  awaited  the  application  of  that  act  before 
joining  the  colors,4  and  of  course  there  can  be  no  question  as  to  the 
general  exhibition  of  loyalty  to  the  cause  of  Great  Britain  and  her 
allies  on  the  part  of  the  laboring  classes  as  a  whole. 

1  Report  of  the  Convention  of  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada,  1915,  p.  15. 

2  For  elaboration  of  this  subject  see  infra,  p.  26. 

3  For  elaboration  of  this  topic  see  infra,  pp.  24-25. 

*  The  figures  given  are  as  follows  :  Voluntary  enlistments  up  to  1917,  26,438  ;  total 
number  resulting  from  enforcement  of  compulsory  service  act,  32.000--i.  e.,  about  5,500 
additional.  (Report  of  the  1918  Convention  of  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress,  p.  13.) 


APPENDIX  I. 


HISTORY  OF  LABOR  MOVEMENT,  THE  STRUCTURE  OF  ITS  ORGANI- 
ZATIONS, AND  MISCELLANEOUS  STATISTICS. 

HISTORY  OF  THE  LABOR  MOVEMENT. 

Growth  of  trade-union  membership. — The  prewar  history  of  labor  organization 
In  Canada  parallels  in  large  part  the  development  of  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor,  which  was  organized  in  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  in  1881.  As  so-called  "  inter- 
national "  unions  have  from  time  to  time  been  established  in  Canadian  trades, 
they  have,  through  their  affiliations  with  the  American  Federation  of  Labor, 
contributed  to  the  growth  of  the  membership  of  more  than  2,000,000  which  is 
recorded  by  that  federation  in  recent  years.  The  resultant  tendencies  are  de- 
scribed as  follows  in  the  American  Labor  Year  Book  for  1917-18  (p.  293)  : 

"  The  general  labor  movement  in  Canada  is  strongly  under  the  influence  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor.  This  may  be  the  reason  why  the  Labor  Party, 
founded  by  the  labor  unions  of  Canada,  has  progressed  far  more  slowly  than 
those  of  England  and  Australia.  The  nationalist  spirit  of  the  Canadian  worker 
resents  what  is  called  the  dictatorship  of  American  leaders,  and  therefore, 
opposes  the  pure  and  simple  labor  movement." 

The  progress  of  the  movement  is  indicated  by  the  following  figures :  * 


1915 143,  343 

1916 '  160,  407 

1917 204,  630 


1911 133, 132 

1912 160, 120 

1913 175,799 

1914 _.  166, 163 

General  groupings. — The  general  groupings  at  the  close  of  the  year  1917  are 
^indicated  by  the  following  figures : 

"  There  were  1,974  local  branch  unions  in  Canada  of  which  1,702,  with  a  mem- 
bership of  163,986,  were  affiliated  with  international  organizations;  244  with  n 
membership  of  32,243,  were  connected  with  noninternational  bodies,  and  28 
unions,  with  a  membership  of  7,391,  were  independent  units.  During  the  year 
the  international  local  branches  increased  their  membership  by  35,773 ;  the  non- 
international  bodies  increased  their  membership  by  9,459,  but  the  independent 
units  reported  a  loss  of  1,009  members." 

Groupings  by  trades. — The  proportionate  distribution  of  the  membership  by 
trades  and  occupations  was  as  follows : * 

Per  cent. 

The  railroad  employees . 28.5 

Metal  trades 11.  9 

Mining  and  quarrying 10.  5 

The  building  trades  group 10. 1 

Other  transportation  and  navigation  trades- 
Clothing,  boot  and  shoe 

Printing  trades 

Personal  service  and  amusement  trades 

All  other  trades  and  general  labor -  16.  6 

The  geographical  distribution  as  given  for  1915,  when  there  were  1,883 
branches  is  as  follows :  * 

Ontario T57 

Quebec  

Nova  Scotia '——  —  10< 

New  Brunswick   

British  Columbia  

1  American  Labor  Year  Book,  1917-18,  p.  293,  and  Labor  Gazette,  July,  1918,  p.  467. 

2  Labor  organizations  in   Canada,   1916,  p.   17. 

*  Annual  Report  of  Labor  organizations  for  1917. 

*  Imperial  Year  Book  for  1917-18,  p.  193. 

14 


LABOR  SITUATION  IN  CANADA. 


15 


Prince  Edward  Island 10 

Manitoba 135 

Saskatchewan    116 

Alberta    149 

Unions  ivith  international  affiliations. — The  membership  of  the  unions  with 
international  affiliations  comprised  more  than  80  per  cent  of  the  total.  They 
were  affiliated  with  93  different  international  organizations,  with  one  or  more 
branches,  in  Canada.  Their  total  membership  as  reported  in  1917  was  164,896. 
The  following  list  includes  those  with  the  largest  membership. 


Membership. 

Number  of 
Canadian 
local  units. 

Reported 
member- 
ship of  all 
units  in 
Canada. 

Boilermakers  and  Iron  Shipbuilders,  International  Brotherhood  of  

30 

4,260 

Bricklayers,  Masons,  and  Plasterers'  International  Union  of  America  

51 

3,S90 

Carpenters  and  Joiners  of  America,  United  Brotherhood  of  

102 

6,484 

Clothing  Workers  ,  Amalgamated  

12 

7,000 

Garment  Workers,  United     

11 

3,250 

Locomotive  Engineers  Brotherhood  of.            .             

90 

5,100 

Locomotive  Firemen  and  Enginemen,  Brotherhood  of  

92 

7,387 

Machinists  International  Association  of  

78 

9,915 

Maintenance-of-way  Employees,  International  Brotherhood  of  

155 

16,000 

Mine  Workers  of  America,  United    

32 

5,484 

Mine,  Mill,  and  Smelter  Workers,  International  Union  of  

17 

4,781 

Musicians  ,  American  Federation  of  

38 

3,550 

Railway  Conductors,  Order  of  

62 

3,000 

Railway  Carmen  of  America,  Brotherhood  of  

84 

6,053 

Railway  Telegraphers,  Order  of  

11 

6,500 

Railway  Trainmen,  Brotherhood  of  

88 

12,000 

Street  Electric  Railway  Employees,  Amalgamated  Association  of        .         .  .  . 

23 

5,859 

Typographical  Union,  International  

47 

4,872 

Noninternational  organizations. — There  are  13  noninternational  organizations : 

Amalgamated  Mine  Workers  of  Nova  Scotia.  President,  Silby  Barrett,  Nova- 
Scotia. 

Brotherhood  of  Boiler  Makers,  Iron  Shipbuilders,  and  Helpers  of  Canada. 
President,  Alex  Ure,  Ontario. 

Canadian  Association  of  Stationary  Engineers.  President,  Rodger  F.  Gofton, 
Ontario. 

Canadian  Brotherhood  of  Railroad  Employees.  President,  A.  R.  Mosher, 
Nova  Scotia. 

Canadian   Federation   of   Musicians.     President,   P.    Siman,   Quebec. 

Canadian  Federation  of  Labor.    President,  James  Higgins,  Toronto. 

Federated  Association  of  Letter  Carriers.     President,  A.  Victor,  Beaupre. 

Federation  of  Textile  Workers  of  Canada.    Secretary,  Oscar  Nautel,  Quebec. 

La  Corporation  Ouvriere  Catholique  Des  Trois  Rivieres.  President,  Emery 
Bergeron,  Quebec. 

La  Federation  Ouvriere  Mutuelle  Du  Nord.  President,  Joseph  Menard,  Quebec. 

National  Association  of  Marine  Engineers  of  Canada.  President,  Ephraim 
Read,  British  Columbia. 

Saskatchewan  Brotherhood  of  Steam  and  Operating  Engineers.  President, 
T.  H.  Manifold,  Saskatchewan. 

Union  Nationals  Des  Ouvrieres  de  la  Rive  Sud.  President,  J.  E.  A.  Samson, 
Quebec. 

Independents. — In  addition,  there  are  28  independent  units  in  the  Dominion, 
20  of  which  report  a  membership  of  7,391. 

THE  TRADES  AND  LABOR  CONGRESS  OF  CANADA. — This  is  the  most  important 
labor  body  in  the  Dominion.  It  was  established  in  1873,  lapsed  for  a  period,  and 
was  reestablished  in  1885.  At  the  close  of  1917  its  membership  was  81,687 ;  in 
September,  1918,  117,498.  The  representation  is  divided  as  follows :  Forty-one 
international  organizations  represented  by  1  delegate  each ;  1  Provincial  Fed- 
eration, 1  delegate;  25  trades  and  labor  councils  were  represented  by  43  dele- 
gates ;  and  253  local  branch  unions  had  351  delegates. 


The  congress  reciprocates  with  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  and  the 
British  Trade  Union  Congress  by  an  exchange  of  fraternal   representatives. 


16 


LABOR  SITUATION  IN   CANADA. 


With  the  American  Federation  of  Labor  It  is  closely  allied,  but  it  asserts 
complete  autonomy  with  respect  to  all  legislation  within  the  Dominion.  The 
congress  does  not  interfere  in  jurisdictional  disputes  between  unions,  the  set- 
tlement of  such  controversies  being  recognized  as  properly  belonging  to  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor.  Many  of  the  international  organizations  are 
coming  to  recognize  the  authority  of  the  congress  in  all  the  Dominion  legisla- 
tive and  purely  Canadian  affairs. 

The  energies  of  the  congress  have  been  largely  devoted  to  promoting  legisla- 
tion in  the  interest  of  wage  earners.  The  president  is  a  salaried  officer  and 
spends  most  of  his  time  in  watching  proposed  legislation  in  Ottawa.  An  execu- 
tive committee  is  elected  for  each  Province  to  deal  with  provincial  legislation, 
except  in  those  Provinces  where  provincial  federations  of  labor  have  been  es- 
tablished and  are  working  under  charter  from  the  congress. 

The  total  membership  in  the  congress  for  the  year  1918  was  117,498.  Its 
growth  is  indicated  by  the  following  statement:1 


Membership. 

1901 8,  381 

1902 13,  465 

1903 16, 108 

1904 22,  010 

1905  22, 004 

1906 27,  676 

1907 32,  295 

1908 40,  728 

1909 36,  071 


Membership. 

1910 51,  000 

1911 57,  259 

1912 66, 128 

1913 80,  801 

1914 80,  094 

1915 i. 71,  419 

1916 _' 66,  573 

1917 81,  687 

1918  117, 498 


The  president  is  Thomas  Moore,  of  the  United  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters 
and  Joiners,  Niagara  Falls,  Ontario.  He  succeeds  James  C.  Watters,  who  has 
been  president  for  many  years. 

Federations  of  local  unions. — In  many  instances  local  unions  of  kindred 
trades  have  formed  themselves  into  federations  composed  of  delegates  from 
consenting  units.  These  federated  bodies,  which  are  supported  by  a  per  capita 
tax,  are  designed  for  the  purpose  of  dealing  collectively  with  trade  conditions 
and  other  matters  of  concern  to  the  affiliated  bodies.  The  federations  in 
Canada  include  provincial  federations  and  councils,  representing  building 
trades,  metal  trades,  printing  trades,  railway  employees,  and  theatrical  em- 
ployees. The  jurisdiction  of  the  provincial  federations,  all  of  which  are 
chartered  by  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress,  covers  their  respective  Provinces. 

District  councils. — The  scheme  of  trade-union  organization  proceeds  on  vari- 
ous lines,  having  developed  as  the  needs  of  closer  affiliation  have  presented 
themselves.  Not  only  do  local  branches  of  kindred  trades  sometimes  band 
together  for  mutual  interest,  but  local  branches  of  particular  occupations 
have  in  many  cases  established  what  are  termed  "  district  councils "  or 
"  conference  boards."  The  naaintenace  of  these  bodies  is  provided  for  by  a 
per  capita  tax  on  the  units  included  in  the  membership.  The  jurisdiction  of 
the  district  councils  varies,  being  in  some  instances  confined  to  a  locality  where 
two  or  more  branches  of  the  same  craft  organization  exist;  including  in  other 
instances  all  the  local  branches  of  a  given  trade  within  a  stated  area,  and  oc- 
casionally extending  to  an  entire  Province,  or  even  covering  the  Dominion. 
The  councils  meet  at  stated  intervals  to  consider  matters  pertaining  to  the 
welfare  of  the  membership,  and  which  it  is  thought  could  not  be  so  advantage- 
ously dealt  with  by  individual  branches. 

Raidroad  brotherhood  committees. — The  various  railroad  organizations  have 
a  system  of  delegate  bodies,  including  committees  known  as  "  grievance," 
"  adjustment,"  "  protective,"  and  "  legislative."  The  first  three  types  of  these 
boards  deal  with  matters  affecting  conditions  of  employment  on  the  several 
railways  on  which  they  have  members  employed,  and  are  an  important  adjunct 
in  the  settlement  of  disputes.  In  addition  to  these  boards,  some  of  the  railway 
employees'  associations  have  officers  under  salary  as  legislative  representatives 
who  reside  in  Ottawa,  while  others  have  representatives  in  Ottawa  during  the 
sessions  of  Parliament. 

Trades  and  labor  councils. — One  other  form  of  delegate  organization  has  also 
been  developed  in  localities  where  a  number  of  local  branch  units  exist.  These 
bodies  are  known  under  the  familiar  term  of  "  trades  and  labor  councils,"  and 


1  Seventh   Annual   Report  on   Labor   Organization   In   Canada,    p.    100. 


LABOR  SITUATION   IN   CANADA.  17 

are  constituted  by  delegates  representing  the  branch  unions  in  a  given  city  or 
district.  Being  purely  voluntary,  no  local  union  is  compelled  to  affiliate, 
although  as  a  result  of  agitation  on  the  part  of  certain  trades  and  labor  councils 
many  of  the  international  central  organizations  urge  the  importance  of  having 
their  several  local  branches  affiliate  with  the  trades  and  labor  councils  in  their 
respective  districts.  No  power  to  issue  charters  is  vested  in  these  bodies,  but 
each  local  union  affiliated  is  required  to  pay  a  per  capita  tax  for  the  purpose 
of  meeting  the  general  expenses.  Trades  and  labor  councils  are  formed  for  the 
purpose  of  dealing  with  matters  of  common  interest,  and  are  designed  in  part 
to  give  expression  of  the  opinions  on  certain  public  questions  of  the  organiza- 
tions brought  together.  The  councils  in  the  larger  industrial  centers  have 
at  times  gained  considerable  prominence  by  their  attitude  of  advocacy  or 
opposition  to  matters  of  local  and  sometimes  of  wider  import. 

Trade-union  local  units. — These  are  chartered  by  a  central  organization  and 
are  given  jurisdiction  over  a  stated  area.  They  contribute  to  the  support  of 
the  central  organization. 

Federations. — Federations  are  developed  by  local  branches  of  kindred  trades ; 
and  trades  and  labor  councils  are  established  in  localities  where  the  local 
branches  are  sufficiently  numerous  to  maintain  them.  The  funds  necessary  to 
maintain  these  several  adjuncts  in  the  scheme  of  organization  are  contributed 
by1  the  affiliated  local  units. 

CANADIAN  FEDERATION  OF  LABOR, — Among  the  minor  organizations  is  the  Cana- 
dian Federation  of  Labor.  This  body  is  comprised  of  about  a  score  of  unions 
located  in  Quebec  and  Toronto.  The  majority  of  those  with  paid-up  dues  have 
an  average  membership  of  less  than  50.  The  last  printed  report  of  proceedings 
shows  a  number  of  unions  in  arrears. 

The  members  of  the  Canadian  Federation  of  Labor  are  not  in  sympathy  with 
the  system  of  international  unionism.  Some  non-international  bodies  are  affil- 
iated with  the  Federation,  some  have  seceded  from  international  organizations. 
The  Canadian  Federation  also  includes  in  its  membership  the  Canadian 
branches  of  the  Amalgamated  Society  of  Engineers,  an  organization  having 
headquarters  in  Great  Britain  and  other  parts  of  the  world.  A  number  of 
local  trade-unions,  having  no  previous  affiliations,  have  also  been  chartered  by 
the  Canadian  Federation.  The  list  includes  two  societies  in  the  Province  of 
Quebec  composed  of  workingmen  of  the  Roman  Catholic  faith.  The  stated 
object  of  these  in  some  points  is  so  closely  in  line  with  those  of  trade-unions 
that  they  could  not  be  properly  omitted. 

The  tenth  annual  convention  held  at  Toronto,  1918,  was  attended  by  16 
delegates.  Its  newly  elected  president  is  James  Higgins,  of  Toronto,  who  suc- 
ceeds Charles  G.  Pepper,  for  many  years  president.  The  secretary-treasurer  is 
Charles  E.  Clay,  of  Toronto. 

Growth  of  internationalism  in  Canada. — The  national  trade-unionism  move- 
ment in  Canada,  which  for  a  time  threatened  to  give  the  officials  of  the  inter- 
national unions  considerable  trouble,  had  not  made  such  headway  during  the 
past  four  years.  With  the  outbreak  of  the  war  .and  the  constantly  increasing 
price  of  necessities  of  life,  the  need  of  a  more  virile  type  of  labor  organization 
than  a  purely  national  union  was  recognized. 

Among  the  workmen  who  recognized  the  necessity  of  organizing  along 
international  lines  were  the  bookbinders  of  Toronto,  who  had  broken  away 
from  the  international  union  several  years  ago  and  weakened  the  spirit  of 
internationalism  among  the  men  and  women  of  that  craft,  but  who  have 
returned  to  the  "  international  "  fold, 

AMALGAMATION  or  NOVA  SCOTIA  MINE-WORKERS'  UNIONS. — The  Provincial 
Workmen's  Association,  established  in  the  coal  fields  of  Nova  Scotia  in  1879,  long 
had  undisputed  jurisdiction  in  the  Province.  In  1916  a  union  started  under 
the  name  of  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  Nova  Scotia.  During  the  winter  of 
3918  strong  agitation  developed  for  an  increase  in  wages  among  members  of 
both  organizations.  Applications  were  made  by  both  bodies  under  the  Industrial 
Disputes  Investigation  Act,  but  owing  to  the  iuterunion  conflict  of  views,  a  Royal 
Commission  was  appointed  to  investigate.  The  commission  proposed  an 
amalgamation  of  the  two  bodies  which  was  later  effected.  The  name  selected 
for  the  new  organization  was  the  Amalgamated  Mine  Workers  of  Nova  Scotia. 
At  the  close  of  the  year  this  organization  had  five  locals  and  9,200  members. 
It  has  since  affiliated  with  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress. 

100442—19 3 


18 


LABOR  SITUATION   IN  CANADA. 


THE  IMIVSTHIAI.  WOUKKUS  OK  rni:  WOKI  n.  In  V.MXt  the  Industrial  Workers  of 
the  World  began  organization  in  Canada  and  succeeded  in  forming  many 
br:inches  in  Alberta  and  British,  Columbia.  In  1911  as  many  as  10,000  members 
were  claimed.  In  1914  the  organization  bad  only  4<>.~>  members  in  Canada. 
At  the  close  of  l!»ir>  it  was  reported  that  the  three  local  branches  in  Canada 
had  been  dissolved  on  account  of  the  war,  thus  leaving  the  Industrial  Workers 
of  the  World  without  Canadian  alliliations.  No  information  as  to  the  member- 
ship of  tht>  organization  could  be  secured  at  the  close  of  1917.1 

SOCIALISTS. — In  1890  there  were  brandies  of  the  American  Socialist  Labor 
Party  in  .Montreal,  Toronto,  and  Winnipeg.  A  short  time  before  the  split  of  the 
Socialist  Labor  Party  in  the  United  States  in  1899,  a  Canadian  Socialist 
Lea  .true  was  organized,  because  there  was  a  lively  dissatisf  action  with  the 
methods  and  tactics  of  the  Socialist  Labor  Party.  In  a  short  time  60  leagues 
had  been  organized  in  the  Province  of  Ontario,  which  was  followed  two  years 
Inter  by  the  Socialist  Pnrty  of  British  Columbia.  The  Western  Clarion 
became  the  official  party  organ. 

The  following  statistics  of  membership  indicate  the  progress  of  the  party." 


1903 3.  .".07 

1907 3,  670 

1908 8,  670 

1909 9,  688 

1910 10,  929 


1911. 15,  852 

1912 15,  857 

1913 : 17,  071 

1915 16, 800 


The  Canadian  Socialists  have  not  yet  succeeded  in  returning  any  representa- 
tives to  the  Dominion  Parliament.  They  did  succeed,  however,  in  electing 
O'Brien  in  Alberta  in  1909  and  Rigg  in  Manitoba  in  1915  to  the  Provincial 
legislature. 

In  1911  a  second  Socialist  Party  came  in  existence,  the  Social  Democratic 
Party  of  Canada,  which,  on  January  1,  1915,  had  230  locals,  with  a  membership 
of  5,380,  a  paid  secretary  and  two  representatives.  Jack  Place  and  Parker  Wil- 
liams, in  the  House  of  British  Columbia.  In  1915  the  party  had  several  weekly 
and  monthly  papers  in  the  English  and  other  languages.  To-day  only  The  For- 
ward, the  official  organ  of  the  party,  is  still  published.  This  party  joined  the 
International  in  1915,  while  the  Socialist  Party  has  no  international  connec- 
tions. The  latter  has  refused  to  join  so  long  as  the  labor  parties  of  Great 
Britain  and  Australia  are  admitted  to  the  International. 

In  the  provincial  election  in  Ontario  in  1914  the  Social  Democratic  Party 
polled  over  6,000  votes  (14  candidates)  and  in  the  municipal  election  in  Winni- 
peg 2,000  votes -were  polled  for  its  candidates,  as  against  2,500  for  the  Liberal 
and  3,000  for  the  Conservative. 

The  British  Columbia  Federationist  of  Vancouver,  a  weekly,  which  is  frankly 
and  radically  socialistic,  claims  an  increase  in  circulation  during  the  year  1918 
from  less  than  4.000  to  about  15,000. 


1  Seyenth  Annual  Report  Labor  Organization  in   Canada  for   1917,   p.   86. 
1  American  Labor  Yearbook,  1917-18,  p.  292. 


APPENDIX  II. 


SELECTED  LIST  OF  LABOR  LEADERS  IN  CANADA. 

Ainey,  Joseph.  Montreal.  President  of  Quebec  branch  of  Labor  Party  of 
Canada. 

Arcand,  Narcisse.  Montreal.  Vice  president  for  Montreal  of  Trades  and  Labor 
Congress. 

Bancroft,  Fred.  Toronto.  Member  of  boards  under  industrial  disputes  act. 
1918. 

Barlow,  G.  Secretary  Winnipeg  Labor  Party.  Western  representative  for 
Amalgamated  Society  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners,  1918. 

Baxter,  Robert.  Glace  Bay,  Nova  Scotia.  Vice  president  Amalgamated  Mine 
Workers  of  Nova  Scotia  ;  vice  president  Trades  and  Labor  Congress. 

Bruce,  John  W.  Toronto.  One  of  two  representatives  of  labor  on  Board  of  Ap- 
peal for  Conciliation  Boards,  August,  1918.  Nominated  by  Trades  and  Labor 
Congress. 

Campbell,  James.     President  of  Vancouver  Trades  and  Labor  Council. 

Clay,  Charles  E.    Toronto.     Vice  president  of  Canadian  Federation  of  Labor. 

Coburn,  W.  M.    Winnipeg.    Vice  president  for  Manitoba  of  Trades  Congress. 

Crothers,  Thomas  W7.     Minister  of  labor,  1911-November,  1918. 

Draper,  P.  M.  Ottawa.  Secretary  of  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  a  number  of 
years;  reelected  1918.  One  of  the  representatives  of  the  Canadian  Govern- 
ment peace  conference,  1919.  His  influence  in  the  1918  convention  and  what 
was  asserted  to  be  his  arbitrary  merhods  is  assigned  as  one  of  the  grounds  of 
dissatisfaction  by  the  western  representatives. 

Eisnor,  R.  V.  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia.  Vice  president  for  Nova  Scotia  of  Trades 
and  Labor  Congress.  President  of  Halifax  District  Trades  and  Labor 
-Council. 

Franco,  Gustave.  Montreal.  One  of  two  representatives  of  labor  on  the  Board 
of  Appeal  for  Conciliation  Boards  nominated  by  the  Trades  and  Labor  Con- 
gress. Defended  the  industrial  disputes  act  in  Trade  and  Labor  Congress 
1916. 

Halford,  H.  J.  Hamilton,  Ontario.  Vice  president  for  Ontario  of  Trades  and 
Labor  Congress. 

Harrison,  C.  R.  Nipissing,  Ontario.  Elected  in  Dominion  election,  December. 
1917. 

Hawthornthwaite,  James  H.  Representative  of  labor  in  British  Columbia  Legis- 
lature, session  ending  April,  1918.  Elected  from'  constituency  of  Newcastle 
in  January,  1918.  Proposed  extension  of  compensation  act.  Asked  definite 
program  for  returned  soldiers. 

Higgins,  James.  Toronto.  President  of  Canadian  Federation  of  Labor.  Elected 
November,  1918,  as  successor  to  Charles  G.  Pepper.  Member  of  board  under 
industrial  disputes  act,  1918. 

Kelly,  Gordon.  Vancouver.  Represented  employees  on  commission  to  adjust 
disputes  in  British  Columbia  shipyards,  1918.  President  Trades  Council  of 
Vancouver. 

Kinney,  James  Andrew.  Edmonta,  Alta.  President  Alberta  Federation  of 
Labor. 

Lodge,  William.  Ottawa,  Ontario.  Fraternal  delegate  to  American  Federation 
of  Labor.  Convention,  Buffalo,  November,  1917. 

McCallum,  Duncan.  Vancouver,  British  Columbia.  President  of  British  Co- 
lumbia Federation  of  Labor,  1918.  Business  agent  of  Machinists'  Union, 
Vancouver. 

McLachlan,  J.  B.  General  Secretary  of  Amalgamated  Mine  Workers  of  Nova 
Scotia.  Helped  negotiate  wage  increases  with  Dominion  Coal  Co. 

McVety,  James  H.  Vancouver,  British  Columbia.  Director  British  Columbia 
Federationist.  Served  on  conciliation  boards  under  industrial  disputes  act. 
Attacked  industrial  disputes  act  in  Trades  and  Labor  Congress,  1916. 

19 


20  LABOR  SITUATION   IN   CANADA. 

Martel.  Arthur.  Montreal,  Quebec.  Member  of  executive  board  United 
Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and  Joiners,  vice  president  of  Trades  and  Labor 
<  'omrress. 

Midgley,  V.  R.  Vancouver,  British  Columbia.  Secretary  of  committee  to  call 
conference  of  labor  in  the  four  western  Provinces,  1918. 

Moore,  Tom.  I 'resident  of  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada,  September, 
1918.  Canadian  organizer  of  the  United  Brotherhood  of  Carpenters  and 
Joiners.  Secretary  of  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada,  1918.  Fra- 

/  ternal  delegate  from  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  to  American  Federation  of 
Labor  Congress  in  June,  1918.  President  of  Federated  Trades  Council  (west- 
ern Ontario),  1917.  Member  representing  labor  at  the  November  (1918) 
conference  on  reconstruction  problems  called  by  the  Canadian  Manufac- 
turers' Association  and  the  Joint  Committee  of  Technical  Organizations.  Is  a 
pronounced  advocate  of  political  action. 

Moslier.  A.  H.  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia.  President  Canadian  Brotherhood  of 
Railroad  Employees. 

Pepper,.  Charles  G.  President  Canadian  Federation  of  Labor,  elected  1917. 
Succeeded  by  Higgins,  1918. 

Perry,  H.  Regina,  Saskatchewan.  Vice  president  for  Saskatchewan  for  Trades 
and  Labor  Congress.  Member  of  committee  to  conference  of  labor  in  the  four 
western  Provinces. 

Pettipiece,  R.  P.     Director  British  Columbia  Federationist. 

Rees.  David.  Vancouver,  British  Columbia.  Member  of  United  Mine  Workers, 
V.-mcouver.  Vice  president  of  Trades  and  Labor  Congress,  chairman  to  call 
conference  of  labor  in  the  four  western  Provinces.  1918. 

Rigg,  R.  A.  Vice  president  of  Trades  and  Labor  Congress.  Resigned  early 
1918.  Member  of  Manitoba  legislature,  1915.  Ex-business  agent  of  Winnipeg 
Trades  and  Labor  Council. 

Robertson,  Honorable  Gideon.  Minister  of  Labor,  1918.  Third  vice  president 
of  the  Order  of  Railroad  Telegraphers. 

Robinson,  E.  Winnipeg.  Member  of  committee  to  call  conference  of  labor  in 
the  four  western  Provinces.  Secretary  and  business  agent  of  Winnipeg 
Trades  and  Labor  Council. 

Rollo,  W.  R.  Hamilton,  Ontario.  Secretary  of  Trades  and  Labor  Council,  Octo- 
ber, 1918.  President  of  Independent  Labor  Party  of  Ontario. 

Shaw,  Jabez.    Toronto.    Vice  president  of  Canadian  Federation  of  Labor. 

Simpson,  James.  Toronto.  Vice  president  of  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of 
Canada.  Representative  of  employees  on  board  of  conciliation  under  indus- 
trial-disputes act,  1917.  Fraternal  delegate  to  British  Trades  Congress  elected 
September,  1915. 

Stevenson,  T.  A.    Secretary  of  Toronto  District  Labor  Council. 

Sugrue,  J.  L.  St.  John,  New  Brunswick.  President  New  Brunswick  Federation 
of  Labor. 

Taylor,  Archie.  Toronto.  Represented  Workmen's  Political  Defense  League  in 
meeting  of  Toronto  District  Labor  Union.  December  7,  1918.  Protested 
against  arrest  of  members  of  Social  Democratic  Party. 

Tipping,  F.  G.    President  of  Winnipeg  Trades  and  Labor  Council. 

Yervilie,  A.  St.  Denis,  Quebec.  Nominated  by  labor  interests  and  elected  in 
Dominion  elections.  December,  1917.  (Listed  as  Independent  Liberal.) 

Walsh,  M.  J.  Quebec,  Quebec.  Fraternal  delegate  to  American  Federation  of 
Labor  from  Trades  and  Labor  Congress,  1918. 

Watters,  James  O.  Ottawa.  President  of  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of 
Canada  to  September,  1918.  Fraternal  delegate  from  Trades  and  Labor  Con- 
gress to  British  Trades-Union  Congress.  Elected  September,  1918. 

Wells,  A.  S.  Victoria,  British  Columbia.  Secretary  of  British  Columbia  Fed- 
eration of  Labor.  Manager  of  British  Columbia  Federationist. 

Wheatley,  F.  Bankhead,  Alberta.  Member  of  committee  to  call  conference  of 
labor  in  the  four  western  Provinces,  1918. 


APPENDIX  III. 


SETTLEMENT  OF  DISPUTES. 

(A)    INDUSTRIAL   DISPUTES    ACT   OF    1907.1 

Origin. — In  1906  a  bitter  and  prolonged  coal  strike  in  Alberta  deprived  the 
western  Provinces  of  fuel.  This  was  to  the  Canadian  Northwest  what  the 
anthracite  coal  strike  of  1902  was  to  our  Eastern  States.  The  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment was  forced  to  intervene,  and  partly  by  moral  suasion  and  partly  by  the 
power  of  public  opinion  compelled  a  settlement.  The  Industrial  Disputes  Act 
was  designed  to  prevent  similar  crises  in  the  future. 

Nature  of  act. — It  is  not  a  compulsory  arbitration  law.  Its  compulsory  fea- 
tures are  limited  to  the  prohibition  of  lockouts  and  strikes  pending  investiga- 
tion in  accordance  with  its  provisions. 

Jurisdiction. — It  extends  only  to  industries  that  serve  immediately  the  gen- 
eral public.  These  embrace  railways  and  transportation  lines,  yard  and 
wharf  labor,  telegraphs  and  telephones,  power,  light,  and  traction  companies  and 
lines.  Workers  and  employers  in  other  industries  may,  however,  agree  to  have 
their  difficulties  investigated  and  adjusted  through  the  machinery  created 
by  it.  Recently,  as  a  war  measure,  the  jurisdiction  has  been  extended  to  muni- 
tion workers  and  others  employed  in  war  industries. 

Provisions  for  investigation  of  cause  of  disputes. — The  law  provides  ma- 
chinery not  essentially  different  from  thaht  of  the  earlier  conciliation  acts  in 
both  Canada  and  the  United  States.  The  compulsory  investigation  features 
were  new  in  American  labor  legislation. 

It  provides  that  no  change  in  the  labor  conditions  of  the  industries  affected 
may  be  made  without  30  days'  notice.  If  either  employers  or  workers  object 
to  a  proposed  change  they  may  apply  to  the  Federal  minister  of  labor  for  a 
board  of  investigation  and  conciliation,  on  the  ground  that  a  lockout  or 
strike  will  occur  unless  the  points  at  issue  are  settled.  Thereupon,  the  min- 
ister, after  assuring  himself  of  the  facts,  appoints  a  board  for  that  particular 
dispute.  This  board  consists  of  three  members,  one  of  which  is  nominated 
by  the  workers  and  another  by  the  employers.  These  two  select  the  third 
member,  or  if  they  fail  to  agree,  the  Minister  of  Labor  appoints  him.  The  third 
member  is  chairman  of  the  board. 

These  boards  have  power  to  subpoena  witnesses  and  documents,  and  to  take 
testimony  under  oath.  They  may  inspect  shops  and  factories  concerned  in  a 
dispute  and  interrogate  employees.  If  the  parties  can  not  come  to  terms,  the 
board  reports  its  findings,  which  need  not  be  unanimous,  but  may  consist  of 
a  majority  and  minority  report,  or  conceivably  of  three  individual  reports. 
These  contain  a  statement  of  the  grounds  of  the  dispute  and  opinion  as  to  the 
justice  of  the  respective  claims  presented  and  recommendations  for  a  settle- 
ment of  the  points  in  controversy. 

Penalties  for  violation. — Pending  the  investigation,  a  lockout  or  strike  is  pro- 
hibited under  penalties  ranging  from  $100  to  $1,000  a  day  for  lockouts,  $10  to 
$50  a  day  for  striking,  and  $50  to  $1,000  for  inciting  or  aiding  an  unlawful 
lockout  or  strike.  After  the  board  has  reported,  employers  may  lock  out  their 
employees,  or  workers  may  strike,  if  they  wish  to  do  so,  unless  both  parties 
have  previously  signed  a  formal  agreement  to  abide  by  the  decision  of  the 
board. 

Of  212  disputes  which  had  been  referred  for  adjustment  in  more  than  nine 
years,  21  eventuated  in  strikes,  so  that  about  9  out  of  10  disputes  were  settled 
without  stopping  work.  Of  these  212  disputes,  167  were  reported  on  by  boards 
or  settled  through  their  mediation,  and  others  were  terminated  before  boards 
were  organized  or  while  the  disputes  were  still  under  investigation. 

1  This  account  of  the  nature  and  working  of  the  industrial  disputes  act  of  1907,  some- 
times known  as  the  Lemieux  Act,  is  summarized  from  a  description  by  Victor  S.  Clark, 
who  made  a  study  of  the  working  of  the  act  for  the  United  States  Government. 

21 


22  LABOR  SITUATION    IN   CANADA. 

Effect  of  the  In  ir  in  <>i><  ration.  Seventy-live  boards  were  appointed  in  rail- 
way'disputes,  and  in  all  but  six  of  these  strikes  were  ended  or  averted.  City 
traction  lines  were  involved  in  21  references,  only  2  of  which  terminated  in  a 
strike.  Only  1  out  of  !>  cases  of  labor  ditlicully  upon  municipal  works  caused 
a  stoppage  of  labor.  Eleven  shipping  disputes,  two  upon  telegraph  lines,  two 
upon  telephone  lines,  and  three  affecting  light  and  power  cases  were  settled 
without  a  single  interruption  of  employment.  On  the  other  hand,  out  of  4 
disputes  in  coal  mines.  (»  resulted  in  strikes,  while  in  metal  mining  only  8  out  Of 
13.  controversies  referred  to  boards  were  amicably  adjusted  by  them.  The  act 
has  not  been  so  successful  in  mining  as  in  transportation  and  other  public-service 
industries,  partly  because  popular  sentiment  is  less  intelligently  informed  and 
less  actively  interested  in  mining  controversies  than  in  those  more  immediately 
affecting  the  general  welfare. 

Probably  the  number  of  employees  involved  in  strikes  that  have  occurred  in 
Canada,  either  in  violation  of  the  industrial-disputes  act  or  legally  under  the 
act,  because  workers  refused  to  accept  the  findings  of  a  board  averages  larger 
in  each  difficulty  than  the  number  involved  in  disputes  that  were  successfully 
adjusted.  Nevertheless,  no  great  strike  affecting  immediately  the  public  wel- 
fare has  paralyzed  the  industries  of  Canada  since  this  law  went  into  operation. 

The  few  strikes  that  occurred  in  open  contempt  of  the  act  were  not  disputes 
in  which  the  public  had  much  at  stake,  and  usually  were  to  be  explained  by 
some  local  condition  that  prompted  irresponsible  men  to  the  impulsive  action. 
Some  years  ago  the  United  Mine  Workers  in  western  Canada  struck  in  violation 
of  the  law,  but  later  they  themselves  applied  for  a  board,  which  was  granted, 
and  settled  the  difficulty. 

Penal  proi-isioiix  hare  not  been  enforced. — In  case  of  violation,  the  Govern- 
ment may  prosecute  the  offenders;  but  in  practice  it  generally  leaves  the  en- 
forcement of  the  penal  features  of  the  law  to  the  aggrieved  parties  in  the  dis- 
pute. No  effort  has  been  made  to  punish  a  large  body  of  men  for  striking. 
This  raises  the  question  of  the  value  of  the  penal  provisions  of  the  law.  It  is 
agreed  that  if  the  act  does  not  put  strikers  in  jail  and  subject  offending  employ- 
ers to  heavy  fines,  these  provisions  are  useless.  But  even  though  violations  are 
seldom  prosecuted,  neither  strikers  or  employers  dare  to  defy  the  law  of  the 
land  in  disputes  prominently  before  the  public  and  affecting  the  prosperity  and 
comfort  of  a  large  body  of  citizens. 

Amendments. — The  original  statute  was  amended  in  1910.  Early  in  1916  an 
order  in  council  was  issued  making  the  provisions  of  the  statute  applicable  to 
disputes  in  industries  having  to  do  with  material  needed  for  the  purpose  of 
the  war. 

A  bill  revising  and  explaining  its  provisions  has  been  prepared  and  will  prob- 
ably be  brought  before  Parliament  at  the  close  of  the  war.  The  amendments  of 
1910  and  the  proposed  revision  are  designed  chiefly  to  simplify  and  expedite 
procedure  and  to  hasten  decisions. 

Attitude  of  labor  toward  the  Act. — The  Act  has  been  commended  by  the  gen- 
eral public,  by  employers,  and  by  the  mass  of  the  working  people;  but  has 
evoked  criticism  from  many  labor  leaders.  Their  objections  are  directed  rather 
to  details  of  the  law  than  to  its  fundamental  principles.  When  the  amend- 
ments of  1910  were  before  Parliament  the  minister  of  labor  read  letters  from 
the  legislative  representatives  or  other  high  Canadian  officers  of  the  brother- 
hoods of  locomotive  engineers,  of  locomotive  firemen  and  enginemen,  of  railway 
trainmen,  of  maintenance-of-way  employees,  and  of  the  Order  of  Railway 
Telegraphers,  all  commending  the  existing  law  and  the  proposed  amendments. 
The  Canadian  Federation  of  Labor  is  on  record  as  approving  it. 

Trades  and  Labor  Congress  seeks  its  repeal.— -The  Trade  and  Labor  Congress 
of  Canada  has  passed  a  resolution  every  year  since  1913  asking  that  the  law 
be  repealed.1  It  is  said  that  this  opposition  is  attributable  in  some  measure  to 
labor  leaders  in  the  United  States  who  have  opposed  similar  legislation  there, 
and  who  see  in  the  limitations  imposed  by  the  act  an  interference  with  the 
power  to  bring  about  a  strike  in  Canada  in  aid  of  demands  in  the  United 
States.  In  Csinada  opposition  is  said  to  be  stronger  among  the  leaders  than 
among  the  rank  and  file. 

Board  of  appeal. — By  the  order  in  council  1743  of  July,  1918,*  declaring  the 
Government's  war  labor  policy,  provision  was  made  for  the  establishment  of  a 

1  The  1918  convention,  however,   confined   Itself  to  urging  amendments  on  the  ground 
that  repeal  was  unlikely.     Report,  p.  35. 

2  See  infra,  p.  24. 


LABOR   SITUATION   IN    CANADA.  23 

Board  of  Appeal.  This  board  hears  appeals  from  either  party  in  cases  where 
the  recommendation  of  the  board  of  conciliation  is  not  accepted.  It  is  composed 
of  two  representatives  of  labor,  nominated  by  the  executive  council  of  the 
Trades  and  Labor  Congress,  two  representatives  of  the  employers,  nominated 
by  the  executive  of  the  Canadian  Manufacturers'  Association,  and  a  chairman, 
nominated  by  the  members  of  the  board,  or  in  case  of  failure  to  agree  by  the 
minister  of  labor. 

The  personnel  of  the  board  as  established  is  as  follows :  F.  S.  Maclennan,  of 
Montreal,  chairman ;  John  W.  Bruce,  of  Toronto ;  Gustabe  Francq,  of  Montreal ; 
nominated  by  the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada ;  S.  R.  Parsons,  of  the 
British  American  Oil  Co.,  of  Toronto;  G.  R.  Duggan,  of  the  Dominion  Ship- 
building Co.,  Montreal,  nominated  by  the  Canadian  Manufacturers'  Associa- 
tion. 

(R)     ROYAL    COMMISSIONS. 

Commission  to  adjust  dispute*  in  xliipj/ards. — In  cases  where  the  Industrial 
Disputes  Act  does  not  apply  owing  to  an  internniou  conflict  of  views  or  to  the 
fact  that  a  number  of  employers  are  involved,  special  royal  commissions  have 
been  appointed  to  investigate. 

Such  a  commission  was  appointed  in  March,  1918,.  to  adjust  disputes  in  the 
British  Columbia  shipyards.  The  strikes  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United 
States,  which  the  United  States  Shipbuilding  Labor  Adjustment  Board  under- 
took to  adjust,  had  not  extended  to  the  Canadian  Pacific  coast,  but  much 
unrest  existed  among  the  employees.  Consequently  the  Imperial  Munitions 
Board,  which  controlled  many  of  the  contracts  in  the  Canadian  yards,  under- 
took to  use  its  influence  to  secure  in  the  Canadian  yards  the  adoption  of  the 
same  wage  schedule  which  might  be  recommended  by  the  wage-adjustment 
board  for  the  United  States  yards.  This  schedule  was  adopted  in  the  Cana- 
dian shipyards  in  question.  Subsequently,  however,  the  United  States  board 
added  10  per  cent  to  the  wage  rate  named  in  the  schedule,  and  this  went  into 
effect  in  the  United  States  shipyards.  Canadian  employees  urged  a  similar 
increase  for  their  own  case,  but  this  view  was  not  accepted  by  the  imperial 
munitions  board.  The  employees  were  prepared  to  strike,  but  "a  royal  com- 
mission was  appointed  to  investigate  the  situation  and  to  bring  about  a  work- 
ing agreement.  The  commission  was  composed  of  Mr.  Justice  Murphy,  of  the 
British  Columbia  Supreme  Court,  chairman ;  Mr.  Gordon  Kelly,  of  Vancouver, 
representing  the  men ;  and  H.  Tonkins,  of  Victoria,  representing  the  employers. 
The  board  recommended  that  the  increase  be  granted  and  made  retroactive 
from  February  1,  provided  the  men  were  willing  to  work  48  hours  a  week  on 
straight  time  in  all  yards,  except  during  June,  July,  and  August,  and  provided 
they  accepted  the  ruling  as  to  carpenters  and  wage  rate  for  laborers  contained 
in  the  Macy  award,  which  fixed  rates  to  be  paid  to  all  classes  of  labor  in  the 
shipbuilding  districts  of  the  United  States  Pacific  coast. 

Rejection  of  award  and  subsequent  adjustment  and  agreement. — The  men 
voted  against  accepting  the  board's  award  and  declared  a  strike.  The  dispute 
was  adjusted  through  the  efforts  of  the  Hon.  G.  D.  Robertson,  who  had  pro- 
ceeded to  Vancouver  at  the  request  of  the  Dominion  Government.  After  full 
conference  with  the  minister  of  labor,  an  agreement  was  made  which  provided 
that  there  should  be  no  strikes  or  lockouts  during  its  life. 

Other  commissions. — Similar  commissions  have  been  appointed  to  deiil  with 
disputes  in  metal  shops,  automobile  repair  shops  and  coal  mines. 

The  commission  appointed  to  adjust  a  conflict  in  the  coal  fields  of  Nova 
Scotia  in  which  the  Provincial  Workmen's  Association  and  the  United  Mine 
Workers  were  involved  proposed  an  amalgamation  of  the  two  bodies  which 
was  later  effected  under  the  name  "  Amalgamated  Mine  Workers  of  Nova 
Scotia." 

(C)    RAILWAY    ADJUSTMENT   BOARD. 

Constitution  of  board — Number  of  icorkcrs  affected — Operation. — Six  of  the 
large  railway  brotherhoods  representing  54,000  men  entered  into  an  agreement 
with  the  Canadian  Railway  War  Board  that  all  disputes  should  be  settled 
hy  an  adjustment  board  upon  which  the  railways  and  employees  would  have 
equal  representation.  It  was  further  agreed  that  any  railway  organization  hav- 
ing disputes  could  refer  their  grievances  to  this  board  of  adjustment.  The 
board  now  consists  of  six  labor  leaders,  one  for  each  of  the  brotherhoods,  and 
six  railway  executives.  In  the  event  of  a  disagreement,  the  board  will  use 


24  LABOR  SITUATION   IN   CANADA. 

a  referee  and  if  the  referee  can  not  be  agreed  upon,  the  governor  general  in 
council,  through  the  Minister  of  Hallways,  will  be  asked  to  make  the  appoint- 
ment. This  combine  covers  employees  to  the  number  of  147.000  men  and  women. 
Numerous  cases  have  been  heard  and  a  unanimous  decision  has  been  reached 
in  each.  The  board  has  announced  that  no  more  strikes  were  likely  on  rail- 
ways. 

(D)    THE   NO-STRIKE   ORDER   IN    COUNCIL  OF   JULY,    1918. 

In  January  and  February.  1918,  two  conferences  were  held  in  Ottawa  at- 
tended by  large  delegations  of  labor  men  and  manufacturers  at  the  Govern- 
ment's invitation. 

Approved  by  representatives  of  labor  and  industry. — With  the  approval  of 
representatives  of  the  Canadian  Manufacturers'  Association,  as  well  as  of  the 
Dominion  Trades  &  Labor  Congress,  the  Government  declared  its  war-labor 
policy  by  an  order  in  council  dated  July  11. 

The  Labour  Gazette  for  August,  1918,  published  this  declaration  of  war 
labor  policy,  the  most  striking  feature  of  which  was  the  no-strike  order. 
(P-.  C.  1743.)  It  was  stated  that  the  action  was  taken  upon  recommendation 
of  the  minister  of  labor  who  had  represented  that  industrial  unrest  had  be- 
come general  and  was  causing  serious  interruption  in  war  work.  The  adoption 
of  the  principles  summarized  below  were  therefore  urged  upon  employers  and 
workmen  for  the  period  of  the  war : 

Provisions  of  the  order. — 1.  There  shall  be  no  strike  or  lockout  during  the 
war. 

2.  All  employees  shall  have  the  right  to  organize  in  trade-unions. 

3.  Employers  shall  have  the  right  to  organize  in  associations. 

4.  Employers  shall  not  discharge  workers  by  reason  of  membership  in  trade- 
unions. 

5.  Workers  shall  use  neither  coercion  nor  intimidation  to  influence  persons 
to  join  their  organizations. 

6.  Union  standards  as  to  wages  and  hours  shall  con-tinue  in  establishments 
where  a  union  shop  exists. 

7.  Where  nonunion  men  and  women  now  work  together  and  the  employer 
meets   with   employees   engaged   in   such   establishments,   the   continuance   of 
such  conditions  shall  not  be  deemed  a  grievance. 

9.  All  workers  shall  be  entitled  to  a  wage  ample  to  enable  themselves  and 
their  families  to  live  in  decency  and  comfort  and  to  make  provision  for  old 
age. 

11.  Women  on  work  originally  performed  by  men  shall  be  allowed  equal  pay. 

12.  Eight  hours  shall  be  the  basic  day. 

13.  Methods  which  operate  to  delay  or  limit  production  artificially  shall  be 
discouraged. 

14.  The  employers  and  employees  shall  keep  local  employment  agencies  fully 
informed  as  to  labor  required  or  available. 

15.  In  fixing  wages, '  hours,  and  conditions  regard  should  be  had  to  labor 
standards  prevailing  in  the  locality. 

16.  After  once  establishing  an  agreement  as  to  wages  and  working  conditions 
employers  and  employees  should  agree  to  its  continuance  during  the  war,  sub- 
ject only  to  such  changes  as  cost  of  living  may  justify. 

17.  Should  recommendation  of  Board  of  Conciliation  not  be  accepted  either 
party  may  appeal  to  the  Board  of  Appeal.     This  Board  of  Appeal  shall  be  com- 
posed of  two  representatives  of  labor  nominated  by  the  executive  council  of 
the  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada.     Two  representatives  of  the  em- 
ployers nominated  by  the  executive  of  the  Canadian  Manufacturers'  Associa- 
tion, and  a  chairman  nominated  by  the  said  members  of  the  board,  or  in  case 
of  failure  to  agree,  the  Minister  of  Labor  shall  appoint  such  chairman." 

It  is  to  be  observed  that  this  order  was  really  a  declaration  of  policy  by  the 
Government  and  an  expression  of  adherence  by  representatives  of  labor  and 
industry,  and  that  it  was  without  compulsory  provisions. 

(K)    NO   STRIKE  ORDER   IN    COUNCIL   OF  OCTOBER    11,    1918. 

On  October  11  the  Government  passed  a  further  order  in  council  (P.  C. 
2525)  forbidding  strikes  and  lockouts  for  the  duration  of  the  war.  This  order 
referred  to  the  order  in  council  of  July,  and  to  the  railway  adjustment  agree- 
ment, and  imposed  penalties  for  the  violation  thereof.  The  issuing  of  this  order 


LABOR   SITUATION  IN  CANADA. 


25 


raised  a  storm  of  protest  from  all  labor  groups  and  adverse  comment  from  the 
press  in  general. 

Hostility  aroused. — The  president  and  secretary  of  the  Trades  and  Labor 
Congress  conferred  with  the  premier,  Sir  Robert  Borden.  and  requested  its 
repeal,  claiming  that  it  interfered  with  the  bona  fide  activities  of  trade-unions, 
and  stating  that  the  demand  for  its  repeal  came  from  all  parts  of  the  country. 
In  Winnipeg,  when  it  seemed  probable  that  the  Government  would  prosecute 
Calgary  unions  striking  against  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  (October-No- 
vember, 1918),  92  per  cent  of  the  workers  voted  for  a  general  strike  in  protest, 
and  urged  similar  action  upon  workers  throughout  the  Dominion.  The  British 
Columbia  Federationist  for  November  1,  1918,  makes  the  following  comment 
on  the  order : 

"  There  has  never  been  any  action  taken  by  the  Government  that  has  been 
looked  upon  with  more  suspicion  *  *  *  the  order  in  council  provides  for 
stoppages  of  work  during  the  period  of  demobilization  *  *  *.  It  is  not  for 
stoppage  of  strikes  during  the  war,  but  to  prevent  any  expressions  of  unrest 
after  the  war  is  over,  and  well  does  the  Government  know  that  without  the 
power  to  strike  the  employing  class  can  do  as  they  will  with  the  workers  in 
times  which  are  bound  to  follow  the  cessation  of  hostilities." 

Defiance  of  its  terms. — In  defiance  of  the  order,  1,200  men  employed  at  the 
Ogden  shops  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  walked  out  on  October  12  in  a 
sympathetic  strike  in  aid  of  the  freight  handlers.  This  action  was  condemned 
by  the  press  in  general,  but  had  warm  sympathy  from  the  labor  press. 

Repeal. — On  the  19th  f  November  the  Governor  General  in  council,  on 
recommendation  of  the  Minister  of  Labor,  repealed  the  order  in  council  of  the 
llth  of  October.  The  minister's  report  submitted  that  the  actual  termination 
of  hostilities  had  rendered  the  sustained  operations  of  war  industries  unneces- 
sary ;  that  he  was  informed  of  concerted  movements  under  way  aiming  at  better 
relations  between  employers  and  employees,  and  that  in  his  opinion  the  order 
in  council  was  no  longer  necessary. 

(E)  Strike  statistics. 


Year. 

Number 
of  dis- 
putes. 

Number 
of  em- 
ployees 
involved. 

Days 
lost. 

Average 
number 
days  lost 
per  em- 
ployee. 

1907... 

149 

36,624 

621,962 

17 

1908                                             

68 

25,  293 

708  285 

28 

1909  

69 

17,332 

871,845 

50 

1910  

84 

21.280 

718,  635 

34 

1911  

99 

30.094 

2,  046,  650 

68 

1912  

150 

40,511 

1,099,208 

27 

191J.  

113 

39,  536 

1,  287.  678 

33 

1914  

44 

8,678 

430.054 

49 

1915  

43 

9,140 

lOfi,  149 

11 

1916  

75 

21,  157 

208,277 

20 

1917  

148 

48,  329 

1,134,970 

23 

1918  i  

292 

89,899 

729,444 

8 

i  Averaged  from  actual  statistics  for  10  months. 

Causes  of  disputes  in  1917. — In  disputes  of  the  year  1917  the  question  of 
Wages  was  the  most  important  cause,  74  disputes  or  50  per  cent  of  the  total 
number  being  due  to  requests  for  increased  wages,  and  22  disputes  or  15  per 
cent  of  the  total  to  requests  for  increased  wages  and  other  changes.  Thus  the 
demand  for  higher  wages  was  the  dominant  cause  in  65  per  cent  of  the  disputes. 
In  15  cases  or  10  per  cent  of  the  total  the  dispute  was  due  to  a  request  for 
shorter  hours.  In  about  3  per  cent  of  the  disputes  the  dominant  cause  was  a 
demand  for  recognition  of  the  union  "  closed  shop "  or  other  trade-union 
principles. 

Victories  and  defeats  of  strikers  in  1917  disputes. — Eighty-two  disputes  or 
56  per  cent  of  the  total  number  terminated  in  favor  of  the  employees,  while  31 
or  21  per  cent  of  the  total  terminated  in  favor  of  the  employers.  In  20  per  cent 
of  the  cases  the  disputes  ended  in  a  compromise  and  4  per  cent  were  indefinite 
or  unterminated.  Of  the  total  number  of  employees  concerned,  62  per  cent 
were  involved  in  disputes  which  resulted  in  favor  of  the  employees,  13  per  cent 
in  disputes  which  terminated  in  favor  of  the  employers,  and  23  per  cent  dis- 
putes which  were  compromised. 


APPENDIX  IV. 


CONSCRIPTION  AND   OTHER  COMPULSORY  AND   RESTRICTIVE 
WAR  MEASURES. 

(A)    CONSCRIPTION. 

Prior  to  the  outbreak  of  the  war  many  organizations  had  rules  prohibiting 
their  members  from  joining  the  military  forces,  but  these  were  commonly 
amended  and  the  report  on  labor  organizations  for  the  year  1917  shows  27,108 
voluntary  enlistments  from  1,333  local  branches.  The  Province  of  Ontario  led 
the  other  Provinces  and  was  followed  by  British  Columbia,  Alberta,  Manitoba, 
Quebec,  Nova  Scotia,  Saskatchewan,  and  Prince  .Edward  Island  in  the  order 
named.  Enlistment  was  advocated  by  certain  labor  leaders,  notably  Charles 
G.  Pepper,  who  urged  it  in  his  presidential  address  at  the  convention  of  the 
Canadian  Federation  of  Labor  in  1915.  Conscription,  however,  was  opposed 
as  unnecessary  and  unjust.1 

(B)    UNLAWFUL   ASSOCIATIONS   AND   LITERATURES. 

Organizations. — The  Government  on  September  28,  passed  an  order-in-coun- 
cil  declaring  the  following  associations  and  organizations  unlawful  during  the 
war :  The  Industrial  Workers  of  the  World,  the  Russian  Social  Democratic 
party,  the  Russian  Revolutionary  Group,  the  Russian  Social  Revolutionists, 
the  Russian  Worker's  Union,  the  Ukrainian  Revolutionary  Group,  the  Ukrainian 
Social  Democratic  Party,  the  Social  Democratic  Party,  the  Social  Labor  Party, 
Group  of  Social  Democrats  of  Bolsheviki,  Group  of  Social  Democrats  of  An- 
archists, the  Workers'  International  Industrial  Union,  Chinese  Nationalist 
League,  Chinese  Labor  Association. 

It  was  further  declared  that  any  association  that  endeavored  to  bring  about 
any  governmental,  political,  social,  industrial,  or  economic  change  in  Canada 
by  the  use  of  force  or  by  threats,  or  which  defended  the  use  of  force,  should 
also  be  considered  unlawful.  Any  person  being  connected  either  as  an  official 
or  member,  or  who  knowingly  allowed  his  premises  to  be  used  as  a  meeting 
place  for  such  association,  or  who  printed  any  book  or  pamphlet  in  which  force 
is  advised  or  defended,  would  be  liable  to  fine  and  imprisonment. 

The  order  provides  that  "  any  person  who  *  *  *  shall  act  as  an  officer 
of  any  such  unlawful  association,  or  who  shall  sell,  speak,  write,  or  publish 
anything  *  *  *  as  representative  of  such  unlawful  association  *  *  *  or 
who  *  *  *  shall  wear,  carry,  or  cause  to  be  displayed  *  *  *  any  motto, 
card,  or  other  device  whatsoever  *  *  *  indicating  that  he  is  a  member 
*  *  *  shall  be  punished  by  imprisnment.  *  *  *  If  it  be  proved  that  the 
person  charged  has  at  any  time  since  the  beginning  of  the  war  been  a  member 
of  such  unlawful  association,  it  shall  be  presumed  in  the  absence  of  proof  to 
the  contrary  that  he  continues  to  be  a  member." 

It  also  made  it  a  punishable  offense  to  hold  or  attend  meetings  the  proceed- 
ings of  which  are  conducted  in  the  language  of  any  enemy  country  or  in  the 
Russian,  Ukrainian,  or  Finnish  language.  This  prohibition,  however,  did  not 
apply  to  religious  services. 

The  order  declaring  associations  advocating  the  use  of  force,  unlawful,  al- 
though unpopular  in  the  radical  labor  press,  did  not  arouse  the  degree  of  pro- 
test which  would  have  undoubtedly  resulted  if  such  organizations  as  the  In- 
dustrial Workers  of  the  World  had  been  more  active  in  Canada  at  the  time. 

(C)    CENSORSHIP. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  Government  measures  limiting  free  speech  and  the 
free  circulation  of  literature  were  generally  opposed,  especially  in  the  papers 


1  See  further,  p.  13,  infra. 
26 


LABOR  SITUATION   IN   CANADA.  27 

socialistic  support,  and  resolutions  expressing  dissatisfaction  and  demand- 
ing repeal  were  passed  by  a  number  of  local  labor  bodies. 

(D)    THE  ANTI-LOAFING  LAW. 

In  view  of  the  urgent  need  for  labor  for  war  essentials,  an  order  in  council 
was  passed  on  April  4,  1918,  in  which  it  was  ordered  that  every  male  person 
residing  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada  shall  be  regujarly  engaged  in  some  useful 
occupation,  with  the  exception  of  (a)  those  under  16  or  over  60,  (ft)  bona 
fide  students  proceeding  with  some  useful  occupation,  (c)  bona  fide  students 
in  actual  attendance,  (d)  usually  employed  but  temporarily  unemployed  owing 
to  differences  with  employer,  (e)  physically  unable,  (/)  unable  to  obtain  em- 
ployment within  reasonable  distance. 

Like  many  other  rulings  aimed  to  increase  production  through  the  control 
of  labor,  the  order  evoked  general  protest  from  labor  throughout  the  Dominion, 
but  particularly  in  the  western  Provinces. 


APPENDIX  V. 


Till:  GOVERNMENT  AND  ORGANIZED  LABOR.1 

Since  the  elections  of  1917  frequent  conferences  have  been  held  between 
Government  officials  and  labor  representatives  at  the  invitation  of  the  Govern- 
ment for  the  discussion  of  matters  pertaining  to  labor.  At  the  important  ones 
held  in  January  and  February,  1918,  when  agreement  was  secured  for  the  Gov- 
ernment's no-strike  policy,  labor  requested  in  return  to  be  consulted  on  im- 
portant matters  of  public  policy  relating  to  labor  and  the  war  and  to  be  giveii 
representation  on  various  committees  and  boards.  This  request  has  been  car- 
ried out  and  labor  has  been  given  the  following  representation : 

On  the  War-Trade  Board 1 

On  the  Canada  Registration  Board 1 

Superintendents  of  Registration 3 

Labor  Subcommittee  on  Reconstruction 2 

Soldiers'  Vocational  Training 1 

Advisor  to  the  Fuel  Controller 1 

Labor  Appeal  Board 1 

Canadian  Railway  Adjustment  Board 6 

The  Government  has  agreed  further  that  on  all  advisory  committees  which 
would  have  to  do  with  the  prosecution  of  the  war  and  reconstruction  in  which 
labor  was  affected,  labor  should  be  given  fair  representation. 

At  the  January,  1918,  conference,  the  labor  men  were  given  confidentially  a 
statement  as  to  the  needs  of  the  military  situation ;  the  great  necessity  for 
increasing  agricultural  production,  and  the  requirements  of  the  railways  for 
the  coming  season.  The  labor  representatives  held  several  meetings  in  order 
to  decide  on  a  policy  to  suggest.  At  a  second  series  of  conferences  the  labor 
representatives,  whose  number  was  greatly  augmented,  submitted  their  sug- 
gestions. A  circular  letter  was  later  issued  by  the  labor  representatives  to  the 
local  branch  unions  of  the  Dominion  defining  their  attitude  on  the  various  ques- 
tions submitted.  This  circular  was  followed  by  a  statement  from  the  Govern- 
ment that  there  would  be  no  importation  of  coolie  labor  at  present  but  that 
matter  might  well  be  given  further  consideration,  to  which  exception  was  taken 
by  the  labor  men.  No  decision  was* reached  in  regard  to  the  conscription  of 
alien  labor. 

In  February,  1918,  the  railroad  situation  was  discussed  and  the  labor  men 
asked  for  nationalization  of  all  roads,  or  failing  in  this,  a  central  control 
board  which  should  operate  the  railways  as  one  system  during  the  war.  As 
counter  proposals  to  conscription  of  labor  and  importation  of  aliens,  the  labor 
men  suggested  that  efforts  should  be  made  to  organize  more  effectively  the 
present  labor  supply  of  the  country.  They  advocated  public  employment  ex- 
changes and  special  railway  rates  to  laborers  going  to  employment.  They 
asked  for  the  protection  of  women  in  industry  and  equal  wages. 

A  special  conference  was  called  in  October,  1918,  to  discuss  the  strike  situ- 
ation in  the  mining  industry  and  to  consider  a  number  of  proposals  in  the 
interests  of  labor  generally. 

Other  conferences  have  discussed  such  subjects  as  old-age  pensions,  labo_r 
representation  on  committees,  regulation  of  public  eating  places,  readmission 
of  the  paper  known  as  Jewish  Forward,  abolition  of  the  patriotic  fund  as  or- 
ganized, appointment  of  a  labor  representative  to  the  central  immigration  au- 
thority, conscription,  Government  ownership  of  railways  and  aircraft,  soldiers' 
pensions. 

For  many  months  past  the  conferences  have  included  reconstruction  projects. 
A  subcommittee  on  labor  has  been  added  to  the  reconstruction  and  development 
committee  of  the  cabinet.  It  is  the  duty  of  this  committee  to  investigate 
essential  and  economic  conditions  of  the  workers  of  Canada  and  to  recommend 
reconstruction  policies  and  measures  with  reference  to  labor  problems,  both 
during  the  war  and  in  the  reconstruction  period. 

1  See  also  p.  11,  Infra. 
28 


APPENDIX  VI. 


PLATFORMS— DECLARATIONS   OF  PRINCIPLES   OF  LABOR   AND 
.      ALLIED  PARTIES  AND  ORGANIZATIONS. 

•(A)   PLATFORM  OF  PRINCIPLES  OF  THE  TRADES  AND  LABOR  CONGRESS  OF  CANADA,   1918. 

1.  Free  compulsory  education. 

2.  Legal  working  day  of  six  hours  and  six  days  to  a  week. 

3.  Government  inspection  of  all  industries. 

4.  Abolition  of  the  contract  system  on  all  public  works. 

5.  Minimum  living  wage  based  on  local  conditions. 

6.  Public  ownership   of   all   franchises,   such  as   railways,   telegraphs,    tele- 
phones, water  works,  mining,  etc. 

7.  Tax  reform  by  lessening  taxation  on  industry  and  increasing  it  on  land 
values. 

8.  Abolition  of  the  Dominion  Senate. 

9.  Exclusion  of  all  Asiatics. 

10.  Union  label  to  be  placed  on  all  manufactured  goods  where  practicable  and 
all  Government  and  municipal  supplies. 

11.  The  abolition  of  child  labor  for  children  under  16  years  and  the  establish- 
ment of  equal  pay  for  equal  work  for  men  and  women. 

12.  Abolition  of  property  qualification  for  all  public  offices. 

13.  Voluntary  arbitration  of  labor  disputes. 

14.  Compulsory  rate  and  proportional  representation  with  group  constituen- 
cies and  abolition  of  municipal  awards. 

15.  Direct  legislation  through  initiative  and  referendum. 

16.  Prohibition  of  prison  labor  in  competition  with  free  labor. 

17.  Equal  suffrage  for  men  and  women  over  21  years  of  age. 

(B)    PLATFORM   OF  THE   INDEPENDENT   LABOR   PARTY   OF   ONTARIO. 

Free  and  compulsory  education,  free  public  textbooks,  public  ownership  of 
all  public  utilities  and  natural  sources  of  wealth,  naturalization  of  banking  and 
credit  systems,  direct  legislation  through  initiative,  referendum,  and  recall ; 
gradual  elimination  of  unearned  increment  through  increasing  taxation ;  equal 
pay  for  equal  work ;  abolition  of  property  qualification  for  all  municipal  offices ; 
abolition  of  all  election  deposits ;  proportional  representation  with  grouped  con- 
stituencies ;  abolition  of  the  Canadian  Senate ;  no  court  to  be  legally  competent 
to  declare  any  act  of  the  Parliament  of  Canada  unconstitutional ;  amending  the 
British  North  American  act  in  order  that  the  decisions  of  the  highest  court  of 
appeal  in  Canada  may  be  final  in  all  matters ;  that  adequate  equal  pensions  be 
granted  to  all  disabled  soldiers ;  pensions  for  mothers  with  dependent  children ; 
old-age  pensions;  creation  of  national  reserves  of  coal  and  timber;  we  believe 
that  performance  is  better  than  promise,  and  we  rest  our  claim  for  the  support 
of  the  workers  on  the  general  declaration  that  we  stand  for  industrial  freedom 
of  those  who  toil,  and  the  political  liberation  of  those  who  for  so  long  have  been 
•denied  justice. 

(C)    PLATFORM  -OF    THE    QUEBEC   BRANCH    OF    THE   CANADIAN    LABOR   PARTY. 
(ORGANIZED    LATE    IN    1017.) 

The  platform  includes  free  State  insurance  against  sickness,  old  age,  and 
accident,  abolition  of  prison  labor,  a  State  bank  to  take  place  of  the  present 
banking  system,  free  speech  and  free  press,  abolition  of  the  sen.-ite,  and  a 
fixed  date  for  Federal  election. 

(D)    PLATFORM    OF    BRITISH    COLUMBIA    BRANCH. 

(See  p.  7,  supra.) 

(E)    PLATFORM   OF   MANITOBA  BRANCH. 

(See  p.  7,  supra.) 

29 


30  LABOR  SITUATION   IN  CANADA. 

(F)    PLATFORM    OF    SASKATCHEWAN    BRANCH. 

The  resolutions  recited  thnt  the  opposition  and  indifference  to  the  interests 
of  the  workers  by  existing  political  parties  necessitated  the  organization  of  the- 
party,  condemned  the  war-time  election  act,  advocated  pensions  on  the  basis 
of  equality,  abolishing  differentials  between  commissioned  and  noncommis- 
sioned ranks  and  recited  that — 

"  Whereas  Canada  having  entered  the  world  war  in  defense  of  the  empire 
and  in  the  name  of  democracy,  and  whereas  the  resources  of  the  allies  will  be 
taxed  to  the  utmost  if  the  war  is  to  be  won,  and  believing  that  there  can  be  no 
sacrifice  too  great  to  be  borne  if  equally  distributed  in  order  to  bring  about 
ultimate  success:  Therefore  be  it 

"Resolved,  That  this  convention  declares  it  is  in  favor  of  a  government  in 
Canada  that  would  organize  the  entire  resources  of  the  Dominion,  eliminating 
all  private  profit  on  industry,  and  administering  our  industrial  activities  for 
the  prosecution  of  the  war  and  in  the  protection  of  the  people  as  a  whole. "  * 

(G.)  PROGRAM  OF  THE  NONPABTISAN  LEAGUE  OF  ALBERTA,  OCTOBER,  1918. 

1.  Democratization  of  politics. —  (a)    Direct  legislation   in  Federal   politics, 
(&)  proportional  representation,   (c)  woman  suffrage,  (d)  the  abolition  of  the- 
senate,  (e)  the  abolition  of  the  patronage  evil. 

2.  Democratization  of  industry. —  (a)  Nationalization  of  the  means  of  trans- 
portation and  communication,  (b)  nationalization  of  industries  sufficiently  cen- 
tralized to  be  operative,  (c)  securing  the  land  for  the  people. 

3.  Taxation. —  (a)  Direct  tax  on  land  values,  (b)  graduated  inheritance  taxr 
(c)   graduated  income  tax.  ; 

4.  Social  reform. —  (a)   The  abolition  of  the  manufacturing  of  intoxicating 
liquors,    (b)   abolition  of  official  charity,  substituting  national  compulsory  in- 
surance, covering  accidents,  sickness,  and  age  and  death,  (c)  all  patriotic  funds* 
assumed  by  the  State. 

(H)  JOINT  RECOMMENDATIONS  ON  RECONSTRUCTION  PRESENTED  TO  THE  CABINET  BY 
A  COMMITTEE  REPRESENTING  THE  CANADIAN  MANUFACTURERS'  ASSOCIATION,  THE 
TBADES  AND  LABOR  CONGRESS  OF  CANADA,  AND  THE  JOINT  COMMITTEE  OF  TECH- 
NICAL ORGANIZATIONS.8 

Memorandum  of  joint  recommendations  drawn  up  at  a  meeting  held  in  Ottawa 
on  Friday,  November  29,  1918,  by  representatives  of  the  Trades  and  Labor  Con- 
gress of  Canada,  the  Joint  Committee  on  Technical  Organizations,  and  the 
Canadian  Manufacturers'  Association  for  presentation  to  the  Dominion  Gov- 
ernment. 

Bureau  of  public  welfare. — That  the  Government  be  requested  to  establish 
immediately  a  bureau  of  public  welfare  to  deal  with  such  matters  as  health, 
sanitation,  town  planning,  housing  plans,  accident  prevention,  and  every  other 
matter  pertaining  to  the  physical  efficiency  of  the  Nation. 

Owing  to  the  present  dearth  of  suitable  homes  for  workingmen  this  particular 
subject  should  receive  the  bureau's  first  consideration.  Much  could  be  accom- 
plished through  the  coordination  of  the  many  agencies,  private,  philanthropic, 
and  governmental,  dealing  with  these  matters. 

Survey  of  imports. — That  a  permanent  representative  bureau  be  established 
to  take  a  survey  of  imports  with  a  view  to  ascertaining  what  part  of  such 
imports  could  be  avoided,  particular  attention  to  be  paid  to  the  classification 
of  the  customs  tariff. 

The  information  thus  gathered  should  be  accessible  to  interested  parties  as 
similar  information  is  in  any  other  countries. 

Raw  materials. — The  good  work  already  done  by  our  Government  in  arrang- 
ing to  have  more  of  our  minerals  refined  in  Canada,  as  in  the  case  of  nickel, 
should  be  continued  as  a  general  policy  relating  to  all  raw  materials,  so  that 
such  materials  will  leave  the  country  in  as  advanced  stage  of  manufature  as 
possible. 

Scientific  and  industrial  research. — Having  regard  to  the  important  part 
which  research  must  necessarily  play  in  Canada  industrial  reconstruction,  the 
appropriation  for  its  purpose  should  be  increased  to  not  less  than  $1,000,000 

1  Report  of  1918  convention  of  Trades  and  Labor  Congress,  p.  56. 
8  Labour  Gazette,  December,  1918,  1102. 


LABOR  SITUATION   IN  CANADA.  31 

annually.  The  board  handling  that  work  should  not  be  merely  advisory  as  at 
present,  but  should  be  clothed  with  specific  executive  powers,  which  powers 
should  preferaby  be  exercised  by  a  board  of  managers  upon  which  labor,  manu- 
facturers, and  engineers  would  all  have  representation. 

Immigration. — That  the  establishment  of  a  central-empire  authority  on  emi- 
gration be  approved  of  for  supplying  information  to  parties  intending  to  emi- 
grate, as  to  conditions  in  the  countries  to  which  they  desire  to  so  emigrate, 
and  that  the  established  immigration  department  in  Canada  give  serious  con- 
sideration to  the  question  of  further  restricting  undesirable  immigration. 

Public  icorks. — All  necessary  public  works,  Dominion,  provincial,  and  mu- 
nicipal, should  be  carried  forward  as  promptly  and  energetically  as  possible. 
As  the  chief  consideration  will  be  the  matter  of  finances,  we  would  suggest  that 
the  Government  render  all  possible  financial  aid  to  works  not  coming  strictly 
within  its  own  scope. 

Technical  education. — The  advancement  of  technical  education  is  of  such  vital 
concern  to  the  whole  country  that  the  burden  ought  not  be  left  entirely  to  the 
municipalities  and  Provinces.  The  Dominion  Government  should  cooperate  by 
such  means  as  are  best  calculated  to  assist  the  authorities  and  expand  the  fa- 
cilities for  this  work.  It  is  urged  whatever  plan  be  adopted  that  there  be  kept 
constantly  in  mind  the  necessity  of  working  it  out  on  lines  that  will  bring  tech- 
nical education  within  easy  reach  of  all  classes. 

Land  settlement. — That  a  practical  land  settlement  plan  be  worked  out  at 
once,  and  in  connection  with  same  the  publicity  department  should  start  a  cam- 
paign to  interest  our  soldiers  in  the  advantages  of  farming. 

An  interesting  series  of  booklets  should  be  supplied  to  our  soldiers  as  soon 
as  possible  and  prior  to  demobilization  particularly  designed  to  show  that  com- 
munity farm  life  can  be  made  not  only  profitable  but  socially  attractive  in  the 
older  as  well  as  the  newer  Provinces.  Educational  facilities  for  the  thorough 
training  of  soldiers  who  desire  to  settle  on  land  should  be  provided. 

It  is  further  recommended  that  the  Federal  and  Provincial  Governments  take 
such  steps  as  are  necessary  to  procure  suitable  laud  for  such  communities  in 
proximity  to  already  settled  areas. 

Employment  bureaus. — The  establishment  of  one  chain  of  employment  bu- 
reaus, operated  by  the  Provinces  in  cooperation  with  the  Federal  Government, 
is  heartily  indorsed,  and  in  this  connection  the  absolute  undesirability  of  dual 
and  private  employment  offices  is  emphasized  and  the  abolition  of  such  recom- 
mended. 

Demobilisation. — The  time  having  arrived  for  demobilization,  the  militia  and 
other  governmental  departments  should  cooperate  with  the  Government  employ- 
ment bureaus  in  order  that  the  lapse  of  time  between  discharge  and  employment 
be  as  short  as  possible,  due  regard  being  given  to  priority  on  account  of  length 
of  service  and  to  married  men. 

Water  power. — That  the  Government  should  adopt  a  fixed  policy  and  a  com- 
prehensive scheme  for  the  utilization  of  our  water  powers  already  and  to  be 
developed.  This  applies  particularly  to  those  on  international  waterways  and 
especially  to  those  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River. 

To  give  industry  the  proper  freedom  for  expansion,  power  supply  must  be  kept 
always  in  advance  of  demand. 

Optimism  campaign. — That  the  Publicity  Department  of  the  Government  start 
at  once  an  optimism  campaign,  and  that  in  this  the  press  of  the  country  be 
requested  to  cooperate. 

The  country  is  drifting  into  a  pessimistic  state  of  mind  as  regards  the  imme- 
diate future  which  might  easily  bring  about  far-reaching  depression  unless  it  is 
quickly  checked. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

Labor  representatives :  T.  Moore,  president  Trades  and  Labor  Con- 
gress of  Canada,  Ottawa,  Ontario ;  A.  Martell,  vice  president 
Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada,  Montreal,  Quebec ;  D. 
Rees,  vice  president  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada,  Van- 
couver, British  Columbia ;  R.  Baxter,  vice  president  Trades  and 
Labor  Congress  of  Canada,  Glace  Bay,  Nova  Scotia ;  J.  A.  Flett, 
Canadian  organizer,  American  Federation  of  Labor,  Hamilton, 
Ontario ;  T.  A.  Stevenson,  labor  representative,  Department  of 
Soldiers'  Civil  Reestablishment,  Toronto,  Ontario ;  E.  W.  A. 
O'Dell,  general  representative,  Boot  and  Shoe  Workers,  Interna- 
tion  Union,  Hamilton,  Ontario;  C.  Lawrence,  legislative  repre- 


32  LABOR  SITUATION   IN   CANADA. 

sentntive,  Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Engineers,  Ottawa, 
Ontario. 

Joint  Committee  of  Technical  Organizations:  Wills  Maelachlan,  To- 
ronta,  Ontario;  H.  G.  Acres,  Hydro-Electric  Power  Commission, 
Toronto,  Ontario;  F.  It.  Ewart,  Ewart  &  Jacobs,  Toronto,  On- 
tario ;  A.  A.  Dion,  Ottawa  Electric  Co.,  Ottawa,  Ontario. 

Canadian  Manufacturers'  Association :  H.  J.  Daly,  H.  J.  Daly  Co., 
Ottawa,  Ontario;  C.  Howard  Smith,  chairman  Montreal  Branch, 
Canadian  Manufacturers'  Association,  Montreal,  Quebec;  Maj. 
L.  L.  Anthes,  chairman  Toronto  Branch,  Canadian  Manufac- 
turers' Association,  Toronto,  Ontario;  R.  E.  Jamieson,  Canadian 
Consolidated  Rubber  Co.  (Ltd.),  Montreal,  Quebec;  George  A. 
Slater,  George  A.  Salter  (Ltd.),  Montreal,  Quebec;  S.  J.  Wil- 
liams, Williams,  Greene  &  Rome  Co.,  Kitchener,  Ontario;  G.  M. 
Murray,  general  secretary,  Canadian  Manufacturers'  Association, 
Toronto;  W.  P.  Hughes,  Montreal  secretary  Canadian  Manufac- 
tural  Association,  Montreal,  Quebec. 


APPENDIX  VI  I. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

GENEBAI,  SOTJBCES. 

Aoland,  F.  A.  Canadian  Legislation  Concerning  Industrial  Disputes.  Re- 
printed from  the  Labour  Gazette,  April,  1916. 

American  Labor  Yearbook,  1917-18.     New  York,  1918. 

Clark,  Victor.  The  Canadian  Industrial  Disputes  Act.  Proc.  Acad.  Pol.  Sci. 
January,  1917. 

Imperial  Yearbook  for  Dominion  of  Canada,  1916-1918.    Ottawa,  1918. 

National  Industrial  Conference  Board.  The  Canadian  Industrial  Disputes  In- 
vestigation Act.  Boston,  1918. 

Selekman,  B.  M.    Industrial  Disputes  and  the  Canadian  Act.     Survey,  March 

,    31,  1917. 

Victor,  E.  (ed.)     Canada's  Future.    A  Symposium.    Toronto,  1916. 

BEPOBTS. 

Canada,  Department  of  Labor.    Fifth  Annual  Report  on  Labor  Organization. 

Ottawa,  1916.     (Same,  6th,  1917;  7th,  1918.) 
Canada,  Department  of  Labor.    Seventh  Report  of  the  Registrar  of  Boards  of 

Conciliation  and  Investigation  of  Proceedings  under  the  Industrial  Disputes 

Act.    1915.     (Same,  8th,  1916;  9th,  1917;  10th,  1918.) 
Canadian  Federation  of  Labor.     Proceedings  of  Seventh  Annual  Convention. 

Ottawa,  1915. 
Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada.    Proceedings,  1913-1916. 

NEWSPAPEBS  AND  PERIODICALS. 

Industrial  Canada.    Toronto. 

Le  Bien  Public. 

Le  Progres  du  Saguenay. 

The  British  Columbia  Federationist    Vancouver. 

The  Canada  Gazette.    Ottawa. 

The  Canadian  Labour  Leader.    Sydney. 

The  Industrial  Banner.    Toronto. 

The  Labor  News.     Hamilton,  Ontario. 

The  Labour  Gazette,  Ottawa. 

The  Labour  Herald.    Calgary. 

The  Labour  World.    Montreal. 

The  Nation.     New  York. 

The  New  York  Call. 

The  Voice.     Winnipeg. 

The  Western  Labour  News,  Winnipeg. 

33 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Ainey ,  Joseph 19 

Amalgamated  Mine  Workers  of  Nova  Scotia 23, 15, 17 

American  Federation  of  Labor,  indorsement  given  to 12 

American  Federation  of  Labor  opposed  to  industrial  dispute  act 22 

Antiloafing  law i 27 

Appeal  board 12,7 

Areand,  Marcisse 19 

Asiatics,  exclusion  of i 29 

Bancroft,  Fred 19 

Banking  and  credit  systems,  nationalization  of 6 

Barlow,  G 19 

Barrett,  Silby,  Nova  Scotia 15 

Baxter,  Robert 19 

Bergeron,  Emery,  Quebec 15 

Bibliography. .  .*. 33 

Board  of  appeal 22,12,7 

Board  of  investigation,  industrial  disputes 21 

Boiler  Makers  and  Iron  Ship-Builders,  International  Brotherhood  of,  statistics 

of  locals  and  membership 15 

Borden,  Sir  Robert 25 

Bricklayers,  Masons,  and  Plasterers'  International  Union  of  America,  statistics 

of  locals  and  membership 15 

British  Columbia  shipyards,  disputes 24 

British  Columbia,  platform  of  Canadian  Labor  Party 28 

British  movement,  similarity  of  Canadian  to 5 

Brotherhood  of  Boiler  Makers,  Iron-Ship  Builders  and  Helpers  of  Canada 15 

Bruce,  John  W '. 19,  24 

Campbell,  James 19 

Canadian  Association  of  Stationary  Engineers 15 

Canadian  Brotherhood  of  Railroad  Employees 15 

Canadian  Federation  of  Labor 15, 17 

Membership 17 

Approves  industrial  disputes  act 23 

Canadian  Federation  of  Musicians 15 

Canadian  Labor  Party: 

British  Columbia,  platform 29 

Manitoba,  platform 29 

Quebec,  platform 29 

Saskatchewan,  platform 30 

Canadian  Pacific  Railway  strike 25 

Canadian  Socialist  Party,  growth 18 

Canadian  Socialist  League,  organized. . 18 

Candidates  to  Dominion  parliament  nominated  by  Independent  Labor  Party, 

1917 8 

Candidates  of  Labor  parties,  1918 , 8 

Carpenters  and  joiners  of  American  United  Brotherhood  of,  statistics  of  locals 

and  membership 15 

Censorship 26 

Charity,  abolition  of  official 30 

Child  labor 29 

Children  under  16 26 

Chinese  Labor  Association 26 

Chinese  Nationalist  League 26 

Clay,  Charles  E 19, 17 

Clothing  Workers,  Amalgamated,  statistics  of  locals  and  membership. 15 

Coburn,  W.  M 19 

Compulsory  enlistment  act 13 

35 


36  INDEX. 


Conditions  of  workers,  investigation  of  .......................................  27 

Conscription  ..............................................................  26,  27 

Attitude  of  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  ...................................  13 

Opposed  by  organized  labor  ..................  ..............  .  ............  9 

Contract  system,  abolition  of  on  public  works  ................................  29 

Crothers,  Thomas  W  .......................................................  19 

Dental  profession,  nationalization  of  ........................................  9 

Dependents,  fund  to  meet  needs  of  .........................................  9 

Disputes: 

Arbitration  of  ..........................................................  29 

Shipbuilders'  ...............  ...........................................  22 

District  councils  ...........................................................  16 

Divergence  between  East  and  West  .........................................  10 

Dominion-wide  Labor  Party  created  .........................................  fr 

Draper,  P.  M  ..............................................................  19 

Duggan,  G.  R  .............................................................  23 

Eating  places,  regulation  of  public  ...........................................  28 

Education,  free  ...........................................................  29 

Educational  activities  of  Labor  Party  .......................................  10' 

Eight-hour  day,  order  in  council  July  11  .....................................  24 

Eisner,  R.  V  .........................................................  .....  1£ 

Elections,  1917,  1918  ......  .  ................................................  8 

Employment  agencies  ............................................  ,  .........  24 

Private  —  abolition  of  ..................................................  9 

Employment  exchanges,  public  ............................................  28 

Enlistment  act,  compulsory  ...................  •  .............................  13 

Enlistments,  trade-unionists  ................................................  13 

Equal  pay  for  men  and  women,  order  in  council  July  11  .....................  24 

Fares,  railway  ..............................................................  28 

Federal  elections  —  date  ....................................................  29 

Federated  Association  of  Letter  Carriers  .....................................  16- 

Federation  of  Textile  Workers  of  Canada  ...........................  .........  15- 

Federations  ..............................................  .................  17 

Federation  of  local  unions  ...................................................  16 

Foodstuffs,  Government  control  of  ..........................................  9- 

Forward,  The  ..............................  ................................  18 

Franchises,  public  ownership  of  ..........................................  .  .  29 

Francq,  Gustave.  :  ...........  .  .............................................  19,  23 

Free  textbooks  in  schools  ...................................................  6 

Garment  Workers,  United,  statistics  of  locals  and  membership  ................  15 

General  Conferation  of  labor  in  France  ......................................  12 

General  Federation  of  Labour  in  France,  indorsement  given  to  ................  12 

Gofton,  Rodger  F.,  Ontario  .................................................  15- 

Governmental  employment  agency  .............  ,  ...........................  12 

Government  inspection  of  industries  ........................................  6 

Government  ownership  of  railways  ..............................  .  ...........  9 

Halford,  H.  J  ..............................................................  .       19 

Harrison,  C.  R  .....................  .......................................  19 

Hawthornthwaite,  James  H  ................................................  19 

Higgins,  James,  Toronto  .....................  :  ..............................  19,  15 

Higgins,  James  ...........................................................  17 

Hospitals,  State  control  of  ...................................................  9 

Housing  projects,  Government  aids  in  .......................................  12 

Imperial  Munitions  Board,  secures  adoption  of  wage  schedule  in  shipyards  .....  23; 

Independent  Labor  Party: 

Platform  of  ...........................................  ................  6- 

Apprpval  of  by  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  ...............................  7 

Candidates  to  Parliament  ..............................................  8- 

Programs  adopted  at  provincial  conventions  ..............................  7 

Progress  of  movement  ..................................................  8 

Elect  candidates  to  Parliament  ..........................................  8- 

British  Columbia  program  .............................................  7 

Manitoba  program  ..........................................  .  .....  .....  7 

Ontario  — 

Organized  ........................................................  & 

Program  ...........................................................  7 

Quebec,  program  ......................................................  8 

Independent  labor  unions,  memberships  .....................................  15 


INDEX.  37 

Independent  Workers  of  the  World:  Page. 

In  Canada 18 

Declared  unlawful  during  the  war 26 

Opposition  to  principles 5 

Industrial  disputes,  appeal  board 12 

Provision  for  investigation  of 21 

Industrial  disputes  act  of  1907 21 

Amendments 22 

Attitude  of  labor  toward , 22 

Approved  by  Canadian  Federation  of  Labor : 22 

Approved  by  American  Federation  of  Labor 22 

Penal  provisions  not  enforced 22 

Penalties  for  violation 21 

Repeal  sought  by  Trades  and  Labor  Congress , 22 

Industrial  disturbances,  1917  and  1918,  increase  in  number  of,  statistics 10 

Industrial  peace  and  the  reverse,  factors  making  for 11 

Industry,  democratization  of 30 

Industries,  inspection  of,  by  Government '.  29 

Insurance: 

Compulsory. '. .  9 

National 30 

Pre-S  tate 7 

International  labor  unions. 15 

International  unionism,  attitude  of  Canadian  Federation  of  Labor  toward  ....  17 

Internationalism  in  Canada,  growth  of 17 

Jewish  Forward 28 

Kelly,  Gordon 19,  23 

Kinney,  James  Andrew 19 

Label,  union 29 

Labor: 

Attitude  toward  industrial  disputes  act 22 

Represented  on  commissions  governing  public  utilities 9 

Representation  on  committees 28 

Labor  movement: 

In  relation  to  American  Federation  of  Labor 14 

History  of 14 

Progress  of 14 

General  groupings , 14 

Grouping  by  trades 14 

Labor  Party  created,  Dominion  wide 6 

Labor  unions: 

Geographical 14 

Independent-membership 15 

With  international  affiliations 15 

Noninternational 15 

La  Corporation  ou  Ouvriere  Catholique  Des  Trois  Rivieres 15 

La  Federation  Ouvriere  Mutuelle  du  Nord 15 

Land  : 

Expropriation  of 9 

Securing  for  people 30 

Legislation,  direct 29, 30 

Lemieux  act 21 

Liquors,  intoxication '. 30 

Literature,   restricted 13 

Lockouts  and  strikes: 

Cessation  of 11 

Prohibition  of 21 

Locomotive  Firemen  and  Enginemen,  Brotherhood  of,  statistics  of  locals  and 

membership 15 

Locomotive  Engineers,  Brotherhood  of,  statistics  of  locals  and  membership 15 

Lodge,  William , 

McCallum,  Duncan 19 

McLachlan,  J.  B 19 

Machinists,  International  Association  of,  statistics  of  locals  and  membership.. .  15 

McVety,  James  H 19 

Maclennan,  F.  S 23 

Macy  award  rejected 23 


38  INDEX. 


Maintenance-of-way  Employees,   International  Brotherhood   of,  statistics  of 

'locals  and  membership  ...................................................  15 

Manifold,  T.  H.,  Saskatchewan  .............................................  15 

Manitoba,  platform  of  Canadian  Labor  Party  ...............................  29 

Martel,  Arthur  ............................................................  20 

Medical  profession,  nationalized  ............................................  9 

Menard,  Joseph,  Quebec  ...................................................  15 

Midgley,  V.  R  ............................................................  20 

Mine,  Mill,  and  Smelter  Workers,  International  Union  of,  statistics  of  locals 

and  membership  .......................................................  15 

Mine  Workers  of  America,  United,  statistics  of  locals  and  membership  ........  15 

Mine  Workers,  Amalgamation  of,  in  Nova  Scotia  .............................  17 

Moore,  Thomas  ............................................................  20,  16 

Mosher,  A.  R.,  Nova  Scotia  ...........................................  .  ----  20,  15 

Murphy,  Justice  ..........................................................  21 

Musicians,  American  Federation  of,  statistics  of  locals  and  membe.rsb.ip  .......  15 

National  Association  of  Marine  Engineers  of  Canada  .........................  15 

Nautel,  Oscar,  Quebec  .....................................................  15 

Noninternational  labor  unions  .............................................  15 

Non-Partisan  League  of  Alberta,  program  ...................................  30 

Nonunion  men  and  women  working  together  ...............................  24 

No-strike  order  in  council: 

Approved  by  representative  of  labor  and  industry  ......................  24 

Of  October  11  ..........  .  .............................................  24 

October  11  ,  repealed  ....  ........  .  ....................................  25 

Nova  Scotia  Mine  Workers,  Amalgamation  of  ................................  17 

Order  in  Council: 

April  4,  antiloafing  law  .....................  .  .........................  27 

July  11,  no-strike,  provisions  of  order  ...................................  24 

October  11,  repealed  ....................  .  .............................  25 

Organized  labor: 

And  Government  .....................................................  28 

Attitude  toward  the  war  ...............................................  12 

Represented  on  official  boards  .........................................  11 

Represented  on  Government  boards  ....................................  28 

The  Government's  change  of  attitude  toward  ............................  11 

Organizations,  unlawful  ...................................................  26 

Parsons,  S.  R  ............................................................  23 

Patriotic  fund  abolished  ..................................................  28 

Pensions: 

For  mothers  with  dependent  children  ...................................  7 

Old  age  ..............................................................  28,7,9 

Soldiers'  ..............................................................  28 

Pepper,  Charles  G  ........................................................  20 

Perry,  H  ......  ............................................................  20 

Pettipiece,  R.  P  .....  .  .............................  ........................ 

Physically  unfit  ..........................................................  27 

Platform  : 

Canadian  Labor  Party,  British  Columbia  ............................... 

Canadian  Labor  Party,  Manitoba  ...............................  ........  29 

Canadian  Labor  Party,  Quebec  ...........  ..  ...........................  .  29 

Canadian  Labor  Party,  Saskatchewan  ..................................  30 

Non-Partisan  League,  of  Alberta  ....................................... 

Of  Trades  and  Labor  Congress  ..................  .........................  29 

Policies  of  labor  leaders,  governmental  action  on  ............................  12 

Political  activity,  growth  of  ................................................ 

Political  program  and  activities  ............................................ 

Politics  democratized  .......................................................  30 

Post-war  programs  presented  ..................  '  ............................. 

Prison  labor,  prohibition  of  ................................................. 

Property  qualification,  abolition  of  .........................................  29 

Provincial  Labor  Party,  progress  of  movement  ............................... 

Provincial  Workmen's  Association  .........................................  17 

Public  ownership: 

Of  factories  ............................................................ 

Of  railways,  etc  ........................  .  ..............................  6 

Of  all  sources  of  wealth  ................................................  6 


INDEX.  39 

Page. 

Quebec,  platform  of  Canadian  Labor  Party 29 

Railroad  brotherhood  committees 16 

Railroad  situation  discussed  by  labor  men 28 

Railway  Adjustment  Board  constituted 23 

Operations 23 

Railway  Carmen  of  America,  Brotherhood  of,  statistics  of  locals  and  membership  15 

Railway  Conductors,  Order  of,  statistics  of  locals  and  membership 15 

Railway  Telegraphers,  Order  of,  statistics  of  locals  and  membership 15 

Railway  Trainmen,  Brotherhood  of,  statistics  of  locals  and  membership 15 

Railways,  Government  ownership  of . . 28,  9 

Read,  Ephraim,  British  Columbia 15 

Reconstruction : 

Discussed 28 

Recommendations 30 

Reconstruction  period,  suggestions  of  policy  applicable  to 11 

Reconstruction  and  Development  Committee 29 

Rees,  David 20 

Reform.  Social 30 

Rigg,  R.  A 20 

Robertson,  Hon.  G.  D •. 20, 23 

Robinson,  E 20 

Rollo,  W.  R 20 

Royal  commissions 23 

Russian  revolutionary  group 26 

Russian  Social  Democratic  Party 26 

Russian  social  revolutionists : 26 

Russian  Workers  Union 26 

Samson,  J.  E.  A.,  Quebec : 15 

Saskatchewan,  Brotherhood  of  Steam  and  Operating  Engineers . .  15 

Saskatchewan,  Platform  of  Canadian  Labor  Party 30 

Senate,  abolition  of 29,  30,  7 

Shaw,  Jabez 20 

Shipbuilders 22 

Siman,  P.,  Quebec 15 

Simpson,  James 20 

Six-hour  day 29,  6 

Social  Democrats: 

Of  anarchists,  group  of 26 

Of  bolsheviki,  group  of 26 

Social  Democratic  Party 26 

Elections .-. 18 

Membership 18 

Social  Labor  Party 26 

Socialist  League,  Canadian,  organized 18 

Socialist  Party 18 

Socialist  Party,  Canadian,  growth 18 

Socialists,  growth  of 18 

Speech  and  press,  free 29 

Stevenson,  T.  A 20 

Street  Electric  Railway  Employees,  Amalgamated  Association  of,  Statistics  of 

locals  and  membership. 

Strikes  and  lockouts,  promulgation  of  policy  in  opposition  to 13 

Students : 27 

Suffrage 29 

Sugrue,  J.  L 20 

Tax,  income 30 

Taxes,  inheritance 30 

Tax  reform 29,  6 

Taxation 30 

Taylor,  Archie 20 

Textbooks,  free  in  schools -  -  •  6 

Tipping,  F.  G 20 

Tonkins,  H 23 

Transportation : 

Free  to  farm  laborers 

Nationalization  of  the  means  of . .  30 


40  INDEX. 

Page. 

Trades  and  Labor  Congress  of  Canada 15 

Adopt  resolutions 9 

Appoints  two  representatives 11 

Attitude  toward  Labor  Party  prior  to  1917 6 

Attitude  toward  American  Federation  of  Labor 15 

Growth  of 5 

Membership 16 

Platform 29 

Policy  reversed ." 

Program 

Represented  on  board  of  appeal 7 

Seek  repeal  of  Industrial  Disputes  Act 22 

Trades  and  labor  councils 16 

Trade  union : 

Growth  of  membership 14 

Local  units 17 

Trades  unionism,  growth  of 5 

Trade  Unionists , 13 

Typographical  Union,  International,  statistics  of  locals  and  membership 15 

Ukranian  revolutionary  group 26 

Ukranian  Social  Democratic  Party 26 

Union  labels 29 

Union  Nationals  Des  Ouvrieres  de  la  Rive  Sud 15 

Unions: 

With  international  affiliations,  statistics  of  locals  and  membership 15 

With  noninternational  affiliations,  list  of 

United  Mine  Workers  of  Nova  Scotia 17 

Unlawful  associations  and  organizations 26 

Ure,  Alex,  Ontario 15 

Verville,  A 20 

Victor,  A.,  Beaupre i 15 

Wages , 24 

Eciual 28 

Fixing  of 24 

Minimum 29 

Reduction  of 11 

And  hours,  standardization  of + 29 

Walsh,  M.  J 20 

Watters,  James  O 20 

Watters,  James  C 16 

Wells,  A.  S 20 

Western  Clarion 18 

Western  delegates,  attitude  of,  toward  convention 9 

Wheatley,  F 20 

Women  in  industry 24 

Women  in  industry  protected 28 

Woman's  suffrage 29,  30 

Workers'  International  Industrial  Union. . .                                                       ...  26 


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